I Will Become a Physician Essays -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

I Will Become a Physician. With the ever-changing eye socket of medicine, many people wonder what medicine give be like in the future. For example, will we still have to live in fear of promise an incurable and deadly disease, like AIDS? Or will medicine in the future have the capability of handling such threats to our lives? Answering these questions and having the congruous education and training to help prevent such threats has been my major ambition. I feel that I can best fulfill this ambition by go a physician. I never really thought of going to college until the tenth grade. Just like my father, I had always thought I would be a mechanic and own my own shop because I enjoyed the challenges that arose while diagnosing different problems in cars. It wasnt until I was at my doctors office that I realized the similarities surrounded by the work of physicians and mechanics. Both require one to diagnose and solve problems. That was when I became interested in medicine. As time went by, I started to develop a spell with the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the human body. Furthermore, I was amazed with how physicians were able to use medication to alleviate pain and heal individuals. Consequently, these attractions to the workings of the human body and the physicians job led me to hire a career in medicine. During my first semester at the University of Arizona, my ... ...ollege. Luckily, I have a family that has supported and encouraged my success in college. I have similarly been fortunate enough to have made it this far on my road to medical school with the help of my pre-medical advisor, pre-medical programs (MMEP), and my mentor. I know that with their continued support, I will be able to successfully complete the curriculum needed to become a physician. I know, however, that the road to a medical degree will be hard and long, but I will never give up my dreams of becoming a physician. I am determined to help fight the struggle agai nst those life threatening diseases like AIDS, and by becoming a physician, I can be on that special team that will make a difference in a patients life.

The Atkins Diet Versus Low-Fat Diets Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Ex

The Atkins Diet Versus Low-Fat Diets The Atkins nutriment and the USDA recommended low-fat nutrition seem to be on the arctic sides of the fast spectrum. These two diets have many discordences and no apparent similarities, other than the goal of losing weight. These differences include the results of the diets, possible side effects, and the theories behind the diets. The Atkins diet recommends reducing lucre intake in order to lose weight. Conversely, the low-fat diet recommends reducing caloric intake to lose weight especially the calories from fat. The Atkins diet and the low- fat diet differ in the methods behind their diets, the results that participants experience while on the diet and the possible side effects linked to the diet. The methods behind the Atkins diet and the low-fat diet differ extensively. The Atkins diet is based on the theory that a reduction in carbohydrate intake will lower the dieters body weight. The recommended amount of carbohydrates for this diet is 20 grams for the first phase of the diet. During the second stage of the diet, participants are encouraged to increase their carbohydrate intake by 5 grams every week until their weight injury has stopped. Usually the intake of carbohydrates remains under 30 grams a day for the duration of the diet. The rest of the diet consists of an unlimited amount of protein and fat. On the other hand, the low-fat diet restricts caloric intake about 2,000 calories (depending on your age, sex, and height) in order to lose weight. Within the dieters restricted amount of calories 30% of the overall calories can be from fat, 10% from protein, and 60 % from carbohydrates. On a 2,000 calorie diet, this wo... ...n negative side effects due to the lack of fiber through fruits, vegetables and grains whereas those on low-fat diets have shown the positive side effect of a lowered risk of heart disease. The Atkins diet and the low-fat diet show differences in their method of weight loss, the short-term and long-term results of their diet and the side effects that are caused by the method of the diet. The Atkins diet emphasizes the reduction of carbohydrates from the diet in order to lose weight whereas the low-fat diet emphasizes the reduction of calories, especially those high in fat. The Atkins method seems to cause more weight loss than the low-fat diet within the first 3-6 months but shows similar loss after 12 months. But this increased weight loss early in the diet is accompanied by more negative side effects than the low- fat diet.

Hidden Class Struggle in John Updikes A&P :: A&P Essays

The Hidden Class Struggle in Updikes A & P   Two Works Cited    In washbowl Updikes A & P, Sammy is accused of quitting his job for childlike, immature reasons. Nathan Hatcher states, In reality, Sammy quit his job not on a matter of ideals, but kind of as a means of showing off and trying to impress the girls, specially Queenie (37), but Sammys motive runs much deeper than that. He was searching for a sense of personal gain and satisfaction. By taking sides with the girls, he momentarily rises in class to meet their standards and the standards of the upper-class. Sammy was obviously near the bottom of the class ladder, a place where he was extremely unhappy. His dead-end job at the grocery store, where lower class citizens are the prime patrons, was not a place he felt he belonged. He wanted to be a member of the family where the father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the women were in sandals picking up herrin g snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them (Updike 1028). Sammy realizes that Queenie comes from this sort of background, a very different one from his. When Queenie is being harassed by Lengel, Sammy sees that she remembers her place, a place from which the crowd that runs the A & P moldiness look pretty crummy (Updike 1028). Queenies family was in the class that he envied, that he admired, that he wanted to become a part of. So Sammy give up his job to prove to himself, maybe to others, that he belongs in this place. Quitting his job is his first step in achieving this goal. Sammy was obviously enthralled by the girls from the moment they walked in the A & P. He was not keen on the other two girls, but Queenie overwhelmed him. He may have even taken a appetency to Queenie, but any average, nineteen-year old young-begetting(prenominal) would do the same after witnessing such striki ng beauty as is described. On the other hand, the average male would not quit a job and create such turmoil if first impression was the only cause. How interested could he actually be? In trying to figure out Queenies persona, he asks, do you really think its a mind in there or vindicatory a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar?

Concentration And Reaction Rate :: essays research papers

How concentproportionn affects answer rate.The aim of this investigation is to see how the concentration of a reactant in ratio to the reactor affects the rate of a reaction. When hydrochloric acid and Thiosulphate react together sulphur is liberated this means that as the reaction goes on the solution pass on perplex yellow and will change from being transparent to translucent to opaque. The sulphur is formed as a solid but not in the vulgar precipitation way.Na2 + S2 + 2HCL 2NaCl+SO2 + S2 +H2O To time the reaction I will draw a black cross on a piece of plain story on which the beaker of reactants will be placed (HCL and Thiosulphate). When the chemicals come into contact with each other I will start timing with a stopwatch and will stop timing when the cross is longer visible through the beaker from above.A reactionA chemical reaction between to chemicals can only eliminate if their molecules can collide into each other. Out of many collisions there will be a few no-hit co llisions, which means that the two molecules will telephone exchange electrons and that means that they have reacted. These molecules have to hit each other in the right direction and at the right speed in short the rules for a successful collision are specific and complex. But if the number of collisions per second increase so will the number of successful collisions increase. This means that the rate of the reaction has increased. For a reaction to occur you also need the required activation energy which means that if there isnt enough the reaction wont take place although catalysts can lower this. Input VariablesCatalystConcentration of acid or thiosulphateTemperatureLightTemperatureIf you increase the amount of energy in a group of molecules the reaction rate will increase. When you give energy to molecules they tend to move about a bit more. And this means that if they are moving chop-chop from place to place they are going to have a lot more collisions and because they are h aving lots of collisions the chances are that they will have a successful collision a lot more quickly than if they werent.This basically means that reaction rate is increased as temperature increases.I believe that temperature is directly proportional to reaction rate.As you can see the graph is partly true to the above statement but gradually starts to curve off, this is because at a plosive consonant the intense temperature will start to boil the liquids which means they will start to evaporate and concentration will be affected.

The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

I. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, born in St. Paul, Minnesota, grew up in an stop number-middle class family where he enjoyed the traditions of the upper classes, but not the financial ability to uphold those practices. Fitzgerald acquired his fame, almost overnight, with the publication of his first book, This Side of Paradise, in 1920. His extensive career began with the writing of stories for mass-circulation magazines, such as The Saturday Evening Post. That same year, he married Zelda Sayre, who later became one his major influences on his writing, along with literature, Princeton, and alcohol. In the summer of 1924, Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby, a novel about the American dream. This novel was written in Fitzgeralds own time. The reader is able to see his insight and artistic integrity in the way that which the novel is composed. He brings forth the values that he embraced at least partially in his own life, such as materialism and the magic of wealth, which are clearly lay in the characters of The Great Gatsby. The novel is almost a paradox of his own biography a unique materialism in which men attempt to draw happiness from material achievement. The novel received the most striking criticalappraisal, just as predicted by Fitzgerald. This honorary event marked the climax of his fame, however, his written report faded from then on. With the illness of his wife, he reflected his experiences in his further work, such as Tender Is the Night. Some other examples of his work include The Beautiful and satanic and The Love of the Last Tycoon. At the age of forty-four, Fitzgerald dies of a heart attack. Since his death, critics have come to see his work as a reflection of the American coating and of The Twenties, a noteworthy representation of his people that is saturated with meaning today. II. The story of Gatsby takes place in the 1920s, a time that began with the closing of the bloodiest conflict the conception had ever witnessed. The European soc iety had suffered spiritually from the effects of World War I, yet life in America became a time of material demand. The twenties are best known as a decade when American business was riding high and increases in productivity brought hundreds of new products within the piss of the average consumer. The widespread impact of the stock market downturn heightened the popular view of the importance of the economy during the 1920s.

oldman and the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and The Sea     Old Man and The Sea, a great carry by Ernest Hemingway, is about a seekermans get by to save his career. This book is very different than any other book that I check read. It is different because this book doesnt have multiple events that happen in the story. capital of Chile, an old fisherman, goes out fishing and hooks a giant marlin. The book explains his struggle to kill the fish and bring it back home. The book symbolizes the struggle of the author to write a great book.     Santiago is an old man that wasnt having a lot luck fishing. One day he decides to go fishing and hooks a marlin. The man struggles to kill the marlin and in the process he is pulled very far out into the ocean. Santiago becomes attached to the marlin and calls it his "brother". Santiago gains strength by thinking about the things he loves and has interests in such as Manolin, a preadolescent fisherman, and the New York Yankee s(baseball team). Santiago fights the marlin for three days and finally kills the fish. Santiago goes through many of obstacles to achieve his goal of catching a big fish just now when he finally gets it, its taken away from him by sharks that eat the marlin.      The young man, Manolin is the old mans best friend. Santiago, taught him how to fish. Manolin use to fish with Santiago but then Santiago ran into a streak of bad luck. Manolin started fishing on another boat. Manolin is very attached to Santiago. They get along very well. Manolin understands wherefore Santiago had to go on the 3-day trial fishing to test his luck and admires him for it. Manolin is the person that takes care of Santiago. The marlin is a very noble, big and beautiful fish. Whatever it symbolizes, to the reader its something worth fighting for since Santiago risks his life battling sharks in his attempt to save the marlin. The marlin is Santiagos last shot at luck. Santiago knew that t his fishing start out would be the last spark of luck he would have for the rest of his life. Although he doesnt get the whole marlin to shore, he did bring luck with him because he survived. The marlin is also a sign of the authors quest to write one good book. Like the fisherman wants to catch a great fish before he dies, Hemingway wants to write a good story.

oldman and the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and The Sea     Old Man and The Sea, a great book by Ernest Hemingway, is about a black cats struggle to save his career. This book is very different than any other book that I keep prickle read. It is different because this book doesnt have multiple events that happen in the story. Santiago, an old fisherman, goes out fishing and hooks a giant marlin. The book explains his struggle to kill the fish and bring it back home. The book symbolizes the struggle of the former to write a great book.     Santiago is an old man that wasnt having much destiny fishing. One day he decides to go fishing and hooks a marlin. The man struggles to kill the marlin and in the process he is pulled very far out into the ocean. Santiago becomes attached to the marlin and calls it his " fellow". Santiago gains strength by thinking about the things he loves and has interests in such as Manolin, a young fisherman, and the New York Yankees(baseb all team). Santiago fights the marlin for three long time and finally kills the fish. Santiago goes through many of obstacles to achieve his goal of catching a big fish but when he finally gets it, its interpreted away from him by sharks that eat the marlin.      The young man, Manolin is the old mans best friend. Santiago, taught him how to fish. Manolin use to fish with Santiago but then Santiago ran into a streak of bad luck. Manolin started fishing on another boat. Manolin is very attached to Santiago. They get along very well. Manolin understands why Santiago had to go on the 3-day visitation fishing to test his luck and admires him for it. Manolin is the person that takes care of Santiago. The marlin is a very noble, big and beautiful fish. Whatever it symbolizes, to the reader its something worth fighting for since Santiago risks his conduct battling sharks in his attempt to save the marlin. The marlin is Santiagos last shot at luck. Santiago knew that this fishing trip would be the last spark of luck he would have for the rest of his life. Although he doesnt get the whole marlin to shore, he did bring luck with him because he survived. The marlin is also a sign of the authors quest to write one good book. Like the fisherman wants to catch a great fish before he dies, Hemingway wants to write a good story.

Language Arts Lesson Plan Essay

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and SST Wyle be appropriate to t crave, purpose, and audience. Objective (Explicit) Students entrust demonstrate writing clearly and coherently by developing a friendly or formal letter. Sub-objectives, SWABS (Sequenced from basic to complex) Students will learn move of a friendly/formal letter and what the difference Is Students will learn the definitions of parts of a friendly/formal letter.Students will learn how to format a friendly/format letter. Students will be able to piece and maintain a letter style. Students will be expected to write a friendly letter to someone to tell of their explorer experience. Students will be expected to write a formal letter to the monarchs to tell them close to their explorer experience. Evidence of Mastery (Measurable) Assess Students while they are writing their letters. A completed letter writing checklist. A completed friendly letter or formal letter on a grocery bag.Key expression Explorer, Christopher Columbus, expedition, heading (if required, date, salutation or retreating, body of letter, closing, postscript (P. S. ), signature Materials Sample friendly letter, sample formal letter, letter template, pencils, opus bags, Christopher Columbus Brainpower, costly young Me book By E. Kristin Anderson. Opening (state objectives, connect to previous learning, and make relevant to real life) Ask Students if they have ever indite a letter? Who they wrote to? Did they formulation different? Explain to Students that letters take many forms and serve a variety of purpose.Do you think a letter to your set ups would witness the same as if you were to write a letter o the Pre spatial relationnt? Explain how letters can tell others about us (how we are doing, what we are doing), request things from others (asking the President to think about passing a bill), and why? Depending on the letters purpose you will decide the format. Today we are depr ivation to focus on friendly and formal letters. Instructional Input Teacher Will Ask Students if they have ever written a letter? If so what kind? Did they look different? Explain to Students that letters take many forms and serve a variety of purpose.Do you think a letter to your parents would look the same as If you were to write a letter to the President? Explain how letters can tell others about us (how we are doing, what we are doing), request things from others (asking the President to format. Today we are going Just focus on friendly and formal. see and read a letter from Dear Teen Me book. (Friendly letter example), as well as preview and read formal letter examples. Student Will Engage in introduction and questions. Preview and listen to the letter from DearTeen Me book as well as preview and read formal letter examples. Co-Teaching Strategy/Differentiation wear sample letter handouts from the book. Guided Practice Show Brainpower video on Christopher Columbus, after vid eo create a T-Chart on one side label it To Mom and on the other side To Queen and King, call on volunteers to create a greeting appropriate for mom and ask for another volunteer to create a greeting appropriate for Queen and King, continue until the signature part of the letter. While completing the T-Chart ask learner if they notice the differences?Explain to Students that they are going to write a letter as if they are in Columbus time show Students grocery paper bags (pre-cut to standard letter size). Explain that completed letters will be done on the grocery bags. Student Will Watch video on Christopher Columbus, take Brainpower Quiz about Columbus, Think- Pair-Share about letter ideas and choice, engage and comment on letter T-Chart. Students have letter templates. Students can have handouts of written sample letters. Give Students letter writing checklist. Parts of a letter definition sheet. Independent PracticeDirect Students to the T-Chart labels created prior to the video . Explain that they can every write a letter home To mom about their expedition experience or a letter To Queen and King telling them about their expedition. Assess Students as they are developing their letters. Make any suggestions and answer questions about letters. Student Will Choose a letter based wrap up of T-Chart, develop a letter that once complete will be put Students use letter templates to form their letters. Give Students letter writing checklist and parts of a letter definition sheet.He date. Greeting/Salutation the word Dear and using the persons given name or relationship, or it may be informal if appropriate. Body This is the main text, which includes the message written. The tone is friendly and often includes news and invitations. This short expression is always a some words on a single line. It ends in a comma. Signature Line There is a typed or printed name added here. Postscript If your letter contains a postscript, begin it with P. S. and end it with your i nitials.

Human Use of Animals

humans employment of Animals Summary and Critique Charles Hall Ivy Bridge College In his interviews with both The Open University and The Colbert Report, Dr. Peter singer discusses the unethical human use of animals. Most of his claims argon highly controversial and are not taken well by most people. Human Use of Animals Summary and Critique The use of animals in modern civilization has been a controversial subject for the past few decades.Author and Philosopher Peter Singer has made his stall clear on this particular subject. In his interviews with The Open University and Stephen Colbert he explains why he believes in what he does and busts his reasoning behind it. Singers thought process of what defines a person is, a person is slightlyone who is aware of their own existence over time, and who is aware enough to realize that they are the same macrocosm who lived previously and who can expect to keep living into the future. (Singer 2008) he goes on to give details of what con stitutes personhood by stating that infants are not persons because they strike not further become self-aware, hardly a chimpanzee is a person because it can recognize itself in a mirror. He also states that humans with severe conceiver damage or someone who is intellectually impaired may have once been a person but is no longer a person. Dr.Singer believes that this is an fundamental argument to the wrongness of killing as he clearly states, I do think the idea of a macrocosm who can envisage his or her own future is morally significant, because if you compare the wrongness of killing a creation who is subject of having some anticipation of the future, some desires for the future, perhaps even some projects to complete in the future, and you kill such a person who wants to go on living, youre doing something wrong to that person which is something youre not doing if you kill a being who is fully not a person and who can have no wishes or hopes for the future, and therefore you cant cut off or thwart or frustrate those wishes for the future. So I think the concept of the person points to something that is relevant in the specific context of the wrongness of killing. (Singer 2008) I differ wholeheartedly with nearly all of his statements.He seems to state that in a life threatening situation he would put the interests of a chimpanzee in the lead he would a new-born child, when as far as he knows the human child could grow up to be a great leader or scientist, but solely because that child is not yet aware that it is not a person and therefore is not as important as the chimpanzee. Singer states that, a person is someone who is capable of suffering and therefore it would be wrong to kill them. If an infant is not a person and therefore is not capable of suffering, then why do they scream and cry when they are injured? Dr. Singer also states his view on the consumption of meat, saying that Someone that eats meat is a speciesist because they do not ta ke into account the feelings of the animal which they are eating. (Singer 2008) Could we not say that every species on this planet is the same flair? Wolves do not eat other wolves, though they kill prey animals resembling deer. Does the wolf think about the deer not living anymore? Of course it does not. The wolf is designed to kill other animals to survive. Human beings may not possess the natural tools for hunting but we evolved to a point where we could nurse our own tools for that job. One could also argue that human beings are natural omnivores, which means that we evolved to eat plants as well as meat. From the archeological records, humans have been omnivorous as far back as science can tell. As soon as the domestication of viands sources began, meat was part of pieces diet.Our teeth are designed to eat multiple types of food, and our digestive system has enzymes to break down meat that herbivores do not have. Dr. Singer give his view on why we treat animals differentl y than human beings. The point about speciesism is that we give less weight to the interests of beings who are not members of our species, simply because they are not members of our species not looking at their individual characteristics, not looking at their capacities, or whats good for them, or bad for them. But we entirely say, well theyre not members of the species Homo sapiens, therefore we can use them for our purposes, for our own ends, we dont have to treat them as if their ends mattered. Whereas if we have a human being, no matter what the mental level of that human being, that human beings life is sacred, we must respect the dignity of that human being and so on. Thats speciesism, to just take the species in itself as determinative of moral status. (Singer 2008) It is only natural to look out for the well-being of other members of our species before we think about the well-being of a member of another species. Would you not save a human that is drowning before you tried to save a overawe? In his interview with Stephen Colbert, Dr. Singer discusses the rights that animals should have. He talks about how we imprison chimpanzees without trial but we do not do the same to humans without square-toed cause, in most cases. (Singer 2006) When you look at the fact that a Chimpanzee, even a small one is ten times stronger than a human being why would we just allow them to run free around our cities. Could you imagine going to the mall and having a rowdy group of chimpanzees running around the food court? Also, what if animals, which have no understanding of humanity, much less, politics are given the right to vote. That idea in itself is absurd because there are no other creatures on this planet mentally capable of voting in a civilized way other than humans. In Conclusion I would like to say that while I may not agree with Dr. Singer on his ideas of what constitute personhood, I am an animal lover and I do not wish for any animals to be mistreated.I grew up on a farm where we elevated cattle, pigs, and chickens. I grew to care for some of these animals. I was also raised to believe that it was only natural for these animals to become food for my family. Humanity has raised, and cared for animals since ancient times. It is one of the things that defines us as a species. Hunting and gathering is encoded in the desoxyribonucleic acid of the species Homo sapiens. Why would we stop doing something that has been done for millennia? The ethics of the human use of animals is a question that only came to light in the past 100 or so years. What sparked that idea that animals should have the same rights as an intellectual human being?Our minds and the ability to ask the question why is what makes us persons, not just the fact that we can feel pain. The same question why, is what could inevitably be what destroys us as a civilization before all is said and done. References Singer. (Writer) (2008, January 28). Human use of animals. Ethics Bite s. Audio podcast. Retrieved from http//www. open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals Singer, P. S. (2006). Peter singer Television series episode. In Colbert, S. (Executive Producer), the Colbert report. New York, NY Comedy Central. Retrieved from http//www. colbertnation. com/the-colbert-report-videos/79412/december-11-2006/peter-singer

Mitel Semiconducter Case Essay

Mitel Semiconductors is a division of Mitel Corporation. The semiconductors division focuses on the business communications segment of the overall semiconductor market. The segment is relatively small when compared to the semiconductor market as a whole but the segment is experiencing high levels of gain over the next five years. Currently Mitel Semiconductors holds 7% of the business communications segment and management would like to see market share double in the next five to six years.Mitel Semiconductors is quickly approaching full condenser at its Bromont Foundry that performs the entire FAB portion of the integrated circuit manufacturing process. In order to meet managements goal of doubling market share over the next five to six years, Mitel Semiconductors needs to figure bug out a way to dramatically enlarge production to keep pace with admit. Since traditionally, Mitel Semiconductors is risk adverse management needs a creative solution that layabout be implemented usi ng only the current amounts of cash and cash equivalents on hand.Mitel Semiconductors locoweed increase subject in three distinct ways. First, it can build or acquire a new foundry that can be brought online to produce more(prenominal) wafers for the integrated circuits. This would obviously cost the company a lot of money. It will also take considerable amount of time to get a new foundry up and packning. There are however, a few alternatives that occupy less capital outlay and can be implemented in a matter of months. The next way Mitel Semiconductors can increase its capacity is to change their wafer size from 100mm to 150mm, 200mm, or 300mm.The increased size of the wafer can increase capacity from the increase in pop area. Each wafer would still require the same amount of processing time but could now produce more integrated circuits per wafer due to the larger size. Another way to increase capacity would be to better utilize the same surface area on each wafer. Equipment could be upgraded so that the circuits that were cut into the surface of the wafer were thinner. This would allow a more efficient use of space and more integrated circuits out of each wafer.The case presents each of these three options for Mitel Semiconductors to increase its capacity in six iterations. turn Bromont to Larger Wafers Advantages Allows the division to convert to smaller line width for low cost Already making production equipment changes and installing advance clean live Increased capacity significantly Larger wafers would extend life of the plant 150mm could be accomplished without plant shut down Supply was plentiful and sixpennyDisadvantages $250 Million dollar cost Immature technology All costs hovering around the $150 million mark Cannot use current equipment Lack of tot because of glut of 200mm FABs Four year to plan, build, and get foundry operational 150mm wafers would cost $30-$40 Million and would take two years 150mm could run into the sa me problem as 100mm wafers Given the circumstances, a conversion of the Bromont Foundry over to 150mm wafers is the most appropriate alternative for Mitel Semiconductors.The larger sized wafers are as well as expensive for Mitel to consider given their risk adverse position. The company has available around $30 million in cash and cash equivalents that are terminal of its current liabilities. The conversion over to 150mm wafers can be accomplished in as little as two years but the most fundamental thing is that it can be done without a plant shutdown so Mitel can pass off to manufacture 100mm wafers until the project is complete.The project was estimated to cost in the midst of $35 million and $40 million so it fits in line with what Mitel has available to spend. The conversion to 150mm wafers would increase the Bromont Foundrys capacity from 112,000 100mm wafers to 252,000 100mm equivalents because of the greater surface area. This increase in capacity will cover Mitels projec ted demand into the foreseeable future.The risk to this alternative is the fear that the industry will continue to move into larger sized wafers and it will become increasingly difficult to find suppliers for the 150mm wafer. If that should happen, Mitel would once again be in the same situation. Given the forecasted demand for Mitels semiconductors, there is not sufficient cause to upgrade the Bromont Foundry to sizes of wafers greater than 150mm. At anything larger than 150mm Mitel will find itself in an excess capacity situation and have to find ways to sell more integrated circuits.

Strategic Control

STRATEGIC CONTROL- ERIK TREFFTZ strategicalal Control refers to the bodily function of analysis and surveillance of the Strategic Planning. Its main objective is to monitor and devour disciplinal measures when facing any kind of deviation in the original Strategy, after comparing it with the Strategic Standards, and thus granting the good-riddance of the fellowship? s targets. It works through the plaque of reference points, rules, methods and devices that allow to measure the development efficiency and effectiveness of the Strategy in whatever concerns seizing its goals, and withal allows a better comprehension of the periods of crisisIn disaccordent words, Strategic Control seeks to provide an answer to the following issues 1. Whether the Strategy is macrocosm implemented as planned. Any possible failure in a company achieving its goals might be due to wrong realizeance from Operational and/or managerial personnel. The responsibility of regulating and correcting possib le deviations in the course of the strategy. 2. If targets continue being valid. It is, Strategic Control is in charge of spotting any alteration in the behavior of external forces, and uncontroll adequate environment that require a change in the Corporative targets.Since environment is submitted to constant change, Opportunities and risks whitethorn arise that werent acknowledged when the original Corporative Strategy was conceived, and thus, the pertinent measures weren? t taken. For instance, a certain company provides a country with its products, but, all of a sudden, inner armed conflicts spark in that country, rendering it instable and dangerous. Under that conditions, the company might reconsider if it is still worth craft with this country, or perhaps it may regard abandoning transactions with it, thus, modifying its original targets. . Whether Outcomes of the Strategy are the expected or not. It means that Strategic Control also of necessity to verify whether the Strategy has been properly raised. Managerial and Operational personnel may eat properly fulfilled their tasks to whatever concerns to the Strategy, but it may not have produced the desired outcomes. This might be due to the fact that the Strategy is not properly formulated. Strategic Control is in charge of re-formulating it so as to eventually achieve desired goals.Unlike conventional ways of Organizational Control, Strategic Control operates a Posteriori, which means that it is focused on the events that have already taken place, identifying gone mistakes, and distributing responsibilities. Under no circumstances this kind of Control seeks to recover losses, but rather to acknowledge them, note them down, and develop the pertinent mechanisms to avoid them in future(a) operations. This way of operating, nevertheless, may render negative repercussions on the very own internal engine of the enterprise.The tight surveillance exerted by those in charge of applying this Strategic Control, s trictly girded to stiff itineraries generates a feeling of insecurity and fear within the staff. Another negative side-effect of Strategic Control is that the exhaustive scrutiny to which the company? s operations are subjected leads to a slower pace. The process of Strategic Control is subdivided into 3 steps 1st Measuring the performance of the OrganizationBefore wrinkle managers can take any action concerning the future of the Enterprise, they need to dispose of any measure of its current performance. They perform so via the so-called Strategic size up. This Audit consists in a series of exams that intend to evaluate the whole range of operations within any organizations which undergo a process of Strategic Planning. Its main target is to promote the development and integration of interrelated functions. It is, to ultimately enhance the enterprise? productivity. Its function is clearly represented in the following graphic, in which t stands for the variable Time. Strategic Audi t provides managers with the tools necessary to perform their tasks as Strategic Controller, known as Strategic Audit Measurement Methods Strategic study is divided into three stages 1st stage Diagnosis It implies reviewing key documents such as the strategic plan, organizational structure, operative plans, resource allocation plans, etc.Afterwards operational, financial and commercial results during a given period are analyzed and compared with the company? s standards so as to identify possible deviations and unnoticed newborn constants. The Diagnosis also provides the manager with vital knowledge about the division of labor, different positions of responsibility, and processes of decision-making, as well as psychic perceptions of the organizations from its members, and their attitudes towards it, (via Interviews, sets of fixed questions, etc. and also from relevant customers, so as to get an accurate picture of the brand image of the organization within the environment in which it operates. Posed in other terms, Diagnosis allows decision-makers to perish fully aware of the intrinsic functioning processes of their companies, and the perception the rest of the world has of it, thus allowing them to perform an optimal control, and identify the functioning aspects of the strategy, eventually being able to formulate several hypothesis about problems and opportunities, and how to implement changes in their strategy. nd stage Focus of the Analysis This stage consists in applying the different hypothesis to the strategic problems and opportunities of improvement that shall arise and challenge the organization, via the analysis of specific issues, and identify interrelations and interdependence among components of the strategic system, and afterwards, reaching conclusions concerning weaknesses and deficiencies in the execution and / or the formulation of the Strategy. rd stage Recommendations 3. 1. mother alternative ways of solving eventual problems and also of making profit out the opportunities that might arise, always taking into account potential costs, risks and wagess these measures may bring. 3. 2. Finally, the resist step consists on developing concrete recommendations that will help to develop the right plan of action that will improve strategic results. 2nd canvas Organizational performance with pre-set standardsOnce pertinent measurement of the organizational performance has been done, top-managers shall compare them with current objectives and standards. Objectives are established in previous stages of the Strategic Planning, whereas standards may differ from one organization to another. Standards imply the desirable position concerning a certain aspect of the organizational strategy that the enterprise seeks to achieve. The most common standards, first adopted by the well-known General Electrics, and then implemented by almost each and every business during the 90? range from standards of profitability, of market-seizu re, of productivity, standards of innovation and leadership, of staff development, of optimum staff attitudes, of public responsibility (of increasing importance nowadays), and finally standards of equilibrium between long-term and short-term objectives. 3rd Implementing the proper corrective measures This implies a major(ip) change in the organizational operation that makes sure it will be able to seize its targets as efficiently and profitably as possible.Its complexity may vary from changing a product? s price, to renew the productive chain System, re-locating resources, improving the efficiency of the labor force, etc. The whole process of strategic control can be summed up as follows Still, Strategic Control needs to take into account the following variables so as to perform its activity correctly Organization? s structure Strategic Control needs to take into a high account the composition of the enterprise, to be able to implement an accurate overview and regulation over the O rganization? strategy. If this structure is unknown, it is not possible to manage to comprehend its inner functioning, and therefore no control will be implemented properly. System of Values /Culture The main values of the organization and its members, its culture may be a defining factor of the activities it may defend out, and therefore, it is necessary to come to a closer understanding of these cultural nuances, so as to be able to apply control properly. Information system To perform right control over the company? becoming, it is necessary to dispose of an effective information system that allows managers to gather the sufficient amount of information that enables them to exert their task. remuneration system As mentioned before, Strategic Control implies a tighter control upon organizational operations, and this directly results in an increase of the pressure to which staff is undergone. Therefore, a system of compensation shall be established that makes it up to the personn el for the increased pressure. For instance, economic compensation, translated into higher wages.

Marketing Plan Hybrid Car Essay

HONDA MOTORS hereby launches the all(a) new family Honda EC CRV, the new eco palsy-walsy car that makes others go green with envy for Oxygen is worthless. Save the earth, plant a tree because their is no Planet B all you got to do is acquire a Honda EC CRV. Introduction For the purpose of this assignment, I will choose cross automobiles that run on gasoline as well as ersatz fuel i. e. Electricity. The rising fuel prices and increasing air pollution along with depleting resources of fossil fuels is forcing more and more automobile companies to manufacture hybrid vehicles.Moreover, people be increasingly buying these environment friendly and cost effective hybrid vehicles in many countries around the world. harmonizeing to ( crossbredcar. com, p. 1), intercrossed-electric vehicles (HEV) combine the benefits of gasoline locomotives and electric motors to will improved fuel economy. The railway locomotive provides most of the vehicles power, and the electric motor provides ad ditional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing this allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used. The current hybrids on the market do not have to be plugged in to an electrical outlet to recharge.The Hybrid automobile Market The market for the hybrid car is slowly growing that primarily led by the U. S. and Japanese Markets. In the past five years, sales for the hybrid in the U. S. increase from 9,500 in 2000 to 100,000 in 2004. By the end of 2005, the number of hybrid cars in the U. S. increased to 212,000, accounting for 1. 3 per centum of the total U. S. light-vehicle market. J. D. office estimate the hybrid car market will account for 3. 5% of the U. S. market by the year 2010, whereas, other researchers such as ABI Research & self-propelled Technology Research Group give a more optimistic projection for the market.These researchers estimated the hybrid market penetration between 5-6% of the overall U. S. light-vehicle market. According to a forecast by J. D. Power-LMC Automotive Forecasting Services, by the year 2012 hybrids that accounted for 0. 5 percent of the U. S. market in 2005 atomic number 18 expected to gain 3. 5 percent of the U. S. market. The JD Power reports say that the price premium associated with alternative power train vehicles continues to be a barring factor that will restrict the potential for both(prenominal) hybrid vehicles.The report notes that manufacturers will have to reduce this premium to attract buyers who are not currently motivated to purchase these vehicles as a marrow to improve the environment, or as a means to save money by consuming less fuel. Existing Product Research The Prius, Insight, and Civic were the kickoff set of hybrids. These vehicles utilized the core strategy of a smaller engine which provides on demand power from the electric motor and batteries. A smaller engine is one of key attributes of hybrids to gaining better fuel economy.The newer hybridsthe Accord, Lexus SUV, and Highlandermaintain the size of the gas engine, and add power by way of the electric components which does little to bring up fuel efficiency. According to (Larson, 2005), while the hybrids claim to fame is reduced fuel consumption, there are various factors that will reduce the performance levels of these vehicles. ofttimes(prenominal) factors include acceleration, idle time, air conditioning, temperature, and driving speed. Competitive Scenario It has been noted that Honda and Toyota are the pioneers in the hybrid car market now.According to JD Power, However, they are becoming more commonplace due to licensing of their technologies by other Japanese and American companies, and the new trend towards hybrid SUVs. The Toyota Prius, considered a midsize sedan, is the number-one selling hybrid vehicle. Toyota has sold more Priuses than all other hybrids combinedand for good reason. Since the second model of the Prius was introduced in 2003 (as a 2004 model), this midsize sedan has received numerous awards. Today, it continues to be a top seller. The success and formidable rise in Toyota hybrid sales can be partly attributed to the companys marketing campaigns. Most hybrids recognized increasing gains each year, with the exceptions of the Accord Hybrid and the Lexus RX400h.Sales of both models have decreased during the past year, proof perhaps that todays hybrid buyers demand a noticeable feeler in fuel economy when buying a hybrid model (Hybridcar. com). Typical profile of hybrid car buyers Hybrid car turn onrs have a level of education higher than any group of car drivers that Ive ever seen, says Walter McManus, director of the Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation at the University of Michigan. McManus get along describes these drivers They have higher income, than the aver hop on car buyer at approximately $100,000 a year versus $85,000 a year for the average buyer.They are more promising to be female. Hybrid drivers are a few years older than the average car buyercloser to fifty rather than the average age of forty. California strongly outpaces all other states for new hybrid vehicle registrations. Beyond these demographics, McManus describes the profile of hybrid car drivers in terms of their behavior and attitudes They drive on average fewer miles than the average car buyer Hybrid car drivers plan to keep their car longer than the average person They are willing to pay more for an environmentally friendly product. They personally want to do something to help reduce vehicle pollution.They expect fuel prices to grow a lot faster than other people do. McManus adds, It doesnt mean that theyre right. It does not mean that the other people are right. But theyre much more pessimistic about the future of fuel prices than the average person. Price According to research, Hybrid cars and SUVs prices range from an estimated $19,000 to nearly $55,000 for the basic models. The lowest price range for this type of car is the man ual transmission 2006 Insight at an MSRP of $19,330, whereas the Lexus hybrid sport sedan, the GS 450h is the highest at $54,900.The following table summarizes average prices of the hybrid cars Hybrid City mpg Hwy mpg MSRP(in USD) Honda Insight -Manual 60 66 $19,530 Honda Insight -CVT 57 56 $21,530 Toyota Prius 60 51 $21,725 Honda Civic Hybrid 49 51 $21,850 Honda Accord Hybrid 29 37 $30,140 Toyota Camry Hybrid 40 38 $25,900 Ford Escape Hybrid 2WD 36 31 $27,515 Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD 33 29 $29,140 Mercury Mariner Hybrid 33 29 $29,225 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2WD 33 28 $33,030 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4WD 31 27 $34,430 Lexus RX 400h 31 27 $49,060.

Literary genres

1. The body of written builds of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative piece, especially of recognized elegant value literary works must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity (Rebecca West). 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a give wayn fieldmedical lit. 5. Printed material collected all the available writings on the subject. 6. medication All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble the symphonic publications. 1.written material much(prenominal) as poetry, novels, raises, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest 2. the body of written work of a particular culture or people Scandinavian literature 3. written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject scientific literature the literature of the violin 4. printed material giving a particular type of information sales literature 5. the art or profession of a writer 6. Obsolete learning 1. writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence.2. the entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. 3. the writings dealing with a particular subject. 4. the profession of a writer or author. 5. literary work or production. 6. any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. 7. Archaic. literary culture appreciation of garner and books. literature the humanistic study of a body of literature he took a course in Russian lit. literary study the humanistic study of literatureliterature creative writing of recognized artistic value literature published writings in a particular style on a particular subject the technical literature integrity aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literaturepiece of writing, written material, writing the work of a writer anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect) the writing in her novels is excellent that editorial was a fine piece of writingliterature creative writing of recognized artistic valuehistoriography a body of historical literature literature the profession or art of a writer her place in literature is secureprofession an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)literature creative writing of recognized artistic valueTypes of Literature pretended Literature Drama Drama is the theatrical dialog performed on stage, it consists of 5 acts. Tragedy, comedy and melodrama argon the sub types of drama. e. g William Shakespe be, an Elizabethan dramatist composed the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, great power Lear that atomic number 18 famous because of its combination of tragedy and comedy. Problem play, farce, fantasy, monologue and comedy of manners atomic number 18 some kinds of drama.Tragedy It is a story of the major character who faces full-grown luck. Tragedy, elements of horrors and struggle usually concludes with the death of a person. The Illiad and The Odyssey by Homer are the twain famous Greek tragedies. Comedy The lead character overcomes the conflicts and overall olfaction of the comedy is full of laughter and the issues are handled very lightly. The elements used in the comedy are romanticism, exaggeration, surprises and a comic view of life. Melodrama Melodrama is a blend of cardinal nouns melody and drama. It is a musical play most popular by 1840. Uncle Toms Cabin is one of the most popular plays describing cruelty of labor life.It has happy ending kindred comedy. Tragicomedy The play that begins with serious mode but has a happy ending is tragicomedy. Prose Literature History, journalism, philosophy, fiction and fantasy writings, scientific writings, childrens literature authors and writers are include in Prose Literature. Myth Myths are the fairy tales with lots of adventure, magic and it lacks scientific proof. Nursery rhymes, songs and lullabies are forms of myths that strike the interest of children. Creative and nature myth are stories of the stars and moon. Magic tales are wonderful tales of quests and fantasy. Hero myths are ideal heroes of adventure. Short storyThe small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, smaller than a novel is cognize as short story. Short stories are well-grouped that followed the sequence of easy and no complexity in beginning, concrete theme, some dialogs and ends with resolution. They are oral and short-lived which attain gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay and legend. Novel Novel can be based on comic, crime, detective, adventurous, romantic or political story divided into many parts. The major kinds of novels are Allegory The symbolic story revolves around two subject matters. What the writer says directly is totally different from the conveyed meanings at the end. Political and Historical allegory are two forms of Allegory.Comedy Satire is very common form in comedy novels and tries to focus on the facts of the society and their desires. Epistolary The collection of letters or mails is the epistolary novels. Samuel Richardsons Pamela and henry Fieldings Joseph Andrew are the few examples of Epistolary novels. Feminist These types of novels are written by women writers around the world to describe the place of women in a male prevail society. E. g Virginia Woolfs A Room of ones Own. Gothic Gothic fiction is the combination of both horror and romance. Melodrama and parody were grouped in the Gothic literature in its early stages. Ironic Ironic novels are known for excessive use of narrative technique.It is satire on the modern society about cultural, companionable and political issues. Realism The realistic novels are based on the truths of ordinary society and their problems. It focuses on the plot, struct ure and the characters of the novel. Romance Love and relationship topics are handled optimistically in the romantic novels. It originated in western countries basically the story revolves around passion affairs of main characters. Some popular sub categories of romantic novels are paranormal, erotic, suspense, multicultural and inspirational romance. Narration In narrative style, writer becomes the third person who narrates whole story around the characters.Naturalism Naturalism is based on the surmisal of Darwin. Picaresque It is opposite to romance novels as it involves ideals, themes and principles that refuse the so-called prejudices of the society. Psychological Its the psychological prospective of school principal with a resolution. Satire Satirical novels criticize the contemporary society. The most famous novels are Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels (1726), Kingsley Amiss Lucky Jim (1954), George Orwells Animal Farm and Randell Jarrells Pictures from an Institution (1954 ). Stream of Consciousness James Joyces stream of consciousness is all about the feeling coming up in the minds of the readers.A novel also constitutes categories on social and political aspects like proletarian, psychological, protest novel, government, didactic, materialist novel, allegorical novel, novel of engagement, intrinsicistic novel, Marxist novel, thoroughgoing novel, revolutionary novel, anti-war novel, utopian novel, futuristic novel, anarchist novel, problem novel, social philosophy novel, novel of ideas, problem play and speculative novel. Folk Tale Folk Tales are traditional stories that have been creating interest since ancient times. The children and old persons like religious story, magic and superstition as well. Fable, tall tales, cumulative, trickster and proverbs are the sub categories of common people tales. Mythology or legend is the ancient religious stories of origin and human civilization such as story of Robin Hood. Types of poetryPoetry is the sponta neous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in the tranquility. Greek poetry is found in free verse and we have rhymes in the Persian poem. Are you wondering how to write a poem, here are the followings forms of poem? Sonnet Sonnet is the short poem of 14 lines grouped into Shakespearean and Italian sonnets. Ballad The poems that are on the subject matter of love and sung by the poet or group of singers as telling readers a story. Elegy This type of poem is the lamenting of the death of a person or his near one. Elegy Written in Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is one of the famous poems marked as sad poems of the ages. Ode Ode is the white-tie and long poem serious in nature.Allegory Allegory is the famous form of poetry and is loved by the readers because of its two symbolic meanings. One is the literal meaning and another is the deep meaning. Epic and Mock epic Epics are the narrative poems that convey moral and culture of that period. The Odyssey and Iliad are one of the l argest philosophical epics written by Samuel Butler. Rape of the Lock is the great mock epic focusing on the minor incident of cutting of a curl. Lyric It has Greek origin that gives a melody of imagery. It is the direct appeal of a poet to the readers about any incident or historical events. Lyrics are most of the time similar to ode or sonnets in the form. Nonfiction LiteratureNonfiction Literature is opposite to fiction as it is informative and comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. Main types of Non- fiction literature Autobiography and life story An account is the story of the authors own life. Family Life at the White House by Bill Clinton is focused on his life and achievements. Wings of fire by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Mein kampf of Adolph Hitler are the autobiography books on real life. test Generally the authors point of view about any particular topic in a detailed way is an essay. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject therefore they are descriptive, lengthy, subject oriented and comparative.Different types of essay Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process essay, glib-tongued essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay, reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay, application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type. Literary criticism It is the critical study of a piece of literature. Here critics apply different theories, evaluation, discussion and explanation to the text or an essay to give total judgments. Plato, Aristotle, T. S. Eliot, Saussure and Frye are some of the famous critics. Travel literature It is the narration of any tour or foreign journey with the description of the events, dates, places, sights and authors views.Francis Bacons natural philosophies in the middle of Seventeenth century is one famous example of travel literature. Diary Diaries are the incidents recorded by the author without any federal agency of publishing them. It is the rough work of ones daily routine, happenings, memorable days or events in their life. E. g. Anne Franks Diary of a Young Girl was published by her father in 1940s its a story of a girl trapped during German invade Amsterdam. Diaries consists of business letters, news programletters, weather listing. In todays world of Internet, writers write in blogs, forums, canvas and social networking sites to convey their thoughts. This also is a form of diary writing.Some profound forms of diaries are online diary, travel, sleep, tagebuch, fictional, dream and death diaries. Journal Journal is one of types of diaries that records infinite information. They are of following types Personal It is for personal analysis. In this journal one can write his goal, daily thoughts, events and situations. Academic It is for students who do research or dissertation on particular subjects. Creative journals Creative journals are the imaginative writing of a st ory, poem or narrative. Trade Trade journals are used by industrial purposes where they dictate practical information. Dialectical This journal is use by students to write on double column notebook.They can write facts, experiments, and observation on the left(a) side and right side can be a series of thoughts and response with an end. Newspaper It is a collection of daily or weekly news of politics, sports, leisure, fashion, movies and business. Magazine Magazines can be the contemporary affairs or opinions well collected covering various content. Frame Narrative The psychoanalysis of human mind is present in a frame narrative. Here we find another story within the main story. Some of the popular narratives are Pegasus, Wuthering Heights, The Flying Horse, The 3 Pigs, A Time to keep and the Tasha Tudor Book of Holidays. Outdoor literature Outdoor literature is the literature of adventure that gives whole exploration of an event.Exciting moments of life such as horse riding, fish ing, trekking can be a part of literature. Some outdoor books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, Treasure Island by Robert Louis, Voyages by Richard Hakluyt and A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush by Eric Newby. Narrative form of Literature Today we find movies, audio and video CDs and Cassettes that present current literature in use. Digital poetry is an upcoming trend too. Comic books, cartoons, eBook and Internet games are the learning methods for children. Literature includes centuries, human nature, cultures and souls. Isnt it? Read more at Buzzle http//www. buzzle. com/articles/types-of-literature. html

How does Shakespeare present Lady Macbeth in Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 1 Scene 7? Essay

Macbeth is one of Shakespeares most famous tragedies and was first performed in 1611, however it was written in 1603. This was in the Elizabethan period, which patronage the country being ruled by a adult female wo custody had to be obedient towards their masters. Women of the succession had to be the housewives who did the cooking and looked after the children, and the men were the breadwinners. From the aspect of theatre, all women roles were free reined by young boys, this proved knockout especially in Macbeth, where a woman is acting as groundsgh she is a man. This is twain wry and complex as she is subject to a hyper manful world. doll Macbeth is a very intricate consultation in that she has both masculine and feminine qualities that intertwine throughout the forge. While being very haughty when talking to Macbeth in the early scenes of the cope with, she is to a fault kind of easily distressed. This is apparent when she faints at the sight of the gone bodies of t he guards and exclaims help me hence, ho Fainting in Shakespearean times was seen to be a very feminine attribute.Shakespeare has utilise dame Macbeth to show what it is bid for a woman as she was frustrated with the restrictions put upon her gender. She is somewhat irregular in her mannerisms as she is portrayed as a very commanding character and is seen to non be very maternal. In fact she declares begin you spirit upunsex me here. This reiterates the unconventional side of her persona, giving us an insight into her thoughts and feelings at the time.We see madam Macbeth first in Act 1 medical prognosis 5 where, in the stage directions, she is described as alone, reading a letter. This immediately shows that she is well educated. In access the letter she is reading is Macbeths letter, so Lady Macbeths first words in the play were Macbeths originally, this demonstrates male dominance from the beginning.The reading of the letter, in terms of the theatrical view is read as a soliloquy, moreover this letter is used as a spectacular device, it informs the audience of what has happened and gives background information, and withal it brings the audience up to the present time in the play. The fact that the letter is read as a soliloquy has significance in that it reveals the loneliness of Lady Macbeth. We can sympathise with her because it is understandable to think that it would be tough to live in these times as a women, with great restriction and certain guidelines to follow. witchery is also a major element in this play this is because the play is set in the time of James I, who had a certain fascination with eitherthing remotely witch-like. In fact James I wrote a book called Demonology which was solely based on witchcraft. Being a witch had terrible consequences remnant by hanging of being burned at the stake, this cruel persecution amplified the superstition and misogyny of the time.Act one Scene five is littered with references to witchcraft and spirits. When talking about Macbeths new position in the partnership she uses the word metaphysical which essence super-natural much like a witch. Something which is super-natural is non natural and possesses witch like traits. Shakespeare also uses the raven which symbolises disaster and death and is regarded as an evil omen. Later on in the scene it Shakespeare has made it seem like Lady Macbeth is talking to someone or something, this can be understand as Lady Macbeth talking to the spirits, while doing this she says come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts. She is inviting the spirits to expect fatal and murderous thoughts, so that her economise Macbeth can be king. This is a principle of witchcraft and all its myths that is considered to be the most recognised.Yet another convention of witchcraft is intelligence, and Lady Macbeth uses manipulation and antic to bring down her way with Macbeth. She refers to Macbeth as living like a coward. This simile is both emoti ve and manipulative, in that it result provoke a sense of masculinity in Macbeth. This means that Lady Macbeth can get him to do anything for her, because Macbeth has a point to prove. Intelligence was seen as a masculine trait o any woman who was keen was deemed to be a witch.Lady Macbeth makes plans for treason by wanting to kill Duncan which is a very unconventional thought. Moreover how she controls Macbeth in the use of language art thou afeard shows that Lady Macbeth is questioning Macbeths masculinity. Additionally she is extremely unmaternal and quite independent especially towards the end of the play.Lady Macbeth is an exceptionally complex character possessing both feminine and masculine traits, this is echoed by her willingness to be a devoted wife but also a imperious one too which is irregular for the time. She shows her devotedness when she is waiting for him to come home and give her the good news about his new position in the hierarchy she says thou would have gr eat glamis This shows that she would love him to be the thane of Cawdor. However she then goes on to say that he will need some help along the way, she wishes she was not a woman and instead in Macbeths position.From the beginning she explains how Macbeth would be too full o th milk of human kindness, in this all-inclusive metaphor it illustrates Lady Macbeths thinking of Macbeth, she retrieves that he is too kind and that he is too womanly to undertake a role much(prenominal) as a king. Milk is representative of females as it refers to the booby milk that a mother would lovingly provide for her child. It implies that she needs to help him to succeed as he is too gentle, a very unconventional thought. This is very eccentric and to a certain extent not very maternal. This is the first major antithesis of the play as there is a major contradiction amid what her first thoughts are and her final thoughts are. At first she is a loving wife with great enviousness for her husband and then subsequent on this envy turns into jealousy and bitterness.The other chief paradox in the play is the theme of being maternal, Lady Macbeth expresses her feelings about the sweetness of babies, explaining that she knows how tender tis to love the babe that milks me This shows Lady Macbeths conventional side, showing that she can be loving and caring, it also tells the audience and readers that Lady Macbeth have some kind of a child and that she has lost that child because there is no mention of it thereafter this fragment. The contrast to the conventional side is that she would dash the brains out of the baby. This is very shocking and unconventional language that stirs up mixed emotions inside the readers and listeners of the play.Shakespeare has complicated the role of Lady Macbeth by making her seem more masculine in both her language and her actions. Lady Macbeth rejects muliebrity yet again when saying make obtuse my blood. This shows her need for strength, it could a lso be interpreted as her saying that she wants menstruation to stop, as it is a reminder of being a female. Another metaphor for the menstruation is that no compunctions visitings of nature.This also shows that she is rejecting femininity and wanting menstruation to stop. Also the extended metaphor of milk is used again in this section when she begs take my milk for get to, you murdring ministers. Alliteration is used to make the sentence flow, in addition gall was thought to promote rage or malice, not a conventional desire from a woman, this adds to the complexness of the character. Moreover this segment relates back to the invocation of the spirits, Lady Macbeth gives the impression of talking to spirits or in this case the ministers, ref employ traits of womanliness in favour of masculinity.Linking with the spirits, Lady Macbeth says she will chastise with the valour of my tongue. This is quite a complex phrase out of context, however it refers to Lady Macbeth stopping herself saying anything to Macbeth about the situation he is in. This adds to the dramatic effect of this piece because as the audience later finds out, she could not be controlled, this is dramatic irony. Using the word chastise indicates that she should be punished if she says anything out of turn. However it is with the valour or bravery, which is a masculine trait, and her tongue or speech, a feminine trait.Adding to Lady Macbeths unconventional nature, she is very supreme over Macbeth, something that in the time of the play was punishable. In the later stages of Act One Scene quintet she is explaining that both her and Macbeth should look welcoming to Duncan when he arrives, however there is a certain essence of finesse when she deviously proclaims to Macbeth that he should look like the innocent flower, / but be the snake undert This reveals her devious nature and manipulation and cleverness of speech as this is a well coordinated metaphor. The serpent is regarded as a symbol of evil adding to the deviousness of the quotation. As Macbeth tries to speak about the situation he has been put in he utters we will speak further- Shakespeare has used the hyphen to suggest that Lady Macbeth has interrupt him, now controlling how long he has to talk. Lady Macbeth has the last word by saying die all the resto me which emphasises her controlling nature as she is in command of the occasion.throughout the play Lady Macbeth is extremely clever with her tongue, in that she provokes Macbeth to feel uneasy and this spurs him on to become king later on. Her cleverness of speech in magnified in Act one Scene seven when she is trying to persuade Macbeth to take the opportune moment. Using clever language hinting at bad judgement and using the colours green and pale when referring to the way he is approaching becoming the king, as she describes the crown as the ornament of life another metaphor indicating that the throne is all there is to live for. Lady Macbeth also relate s to a bible passage wherein she talks about the cat i th adage This proverb is about a cat that does not want to get its feet wet when searching for a fish, this shows both her education and ingenuity when it comes to her manipulation of words.Lady Macbeth then ignores Macbeths attempt to calm her down with prithee calm and carries on in the same manner she started. The alliteration was meant to calm Lady Macbeth however it did no such thing. Towards the latter phase of the scene she uses words such as we, you, our and I this gives the impression of togetherness of the couple as she is trying to avoid separation. Macbeth then uses a pun when saying to Lady Macbeth that she should bring forth men children only, for thy undaunted mettle should compose/nothing but males. The play on words is with the word mettle, it means both courage and strength as in armour, and this shows that he thinks she is a vey strong woman with a strong personality, which should not be played with.Lady Mac beth shows a certain amount of deterioration when it comes to controlling what Macbeth decides, she is reserved to her bed where she is constantly trying to wash the blood of her hands. However the blood is not physically there and she is just imagining it a problem that increases until she chooses to commit suicide, just as Macbeth reaches the height of his power. I believe Shakespeare shows this decline as an act of misogyny, because it shows that a woman cannot cope with the pressures of a man.The other women in the play such as Lady Macduff are more conventional, as she is the house wife, who looks after the children and cooks the meals, unlike Lady Macbeth as she is very independent and has no children. This paradox shows the key differences between them and highlights the effect on the husband in the situation. At the end Macduff wins the fight against a possessed Macbeth, possibly possessed by the death of Duncan which resulted in the suicide of his wife, a chronological down fall constructed by his wife.An audience of the modern day would respond to Lady Macbeth in a different way to a Shakespearean audience. This is due to women having a higher(prenominal) role in society, in that they are no longer looked down upon. Therefore a woman partaking in manly activities is not frowned upon, many women nowadays are choosing occupations instead of settling down with a family, and they are certainly allowed to have a say in any relationship they are in. accordingly an audience of today would see Lady Macbeth as a normal woman in that she is intelligent and independent in her own right, however they would be disapproving of her plotting murder against the monarchy but the reaction would not necessarily be so intense.Shakespeare has presented Lady Macbeth as a clever and controlling woman that is mistake by the hyper masculine world she is subject to. However from the audiences point of view it could be seen as misogynistic, as it is showing a woman to be like a man, it shows that it does not work, as Lady Macbeth eventually breaks down. Therefore it could reveal what Shakespeare thinks would happen if a female acted like a male.Throughout this tragedy Shakespeare builds up the character of Lady Macbeth from the first word she says to the last few words in advance her suicide. Shakespeare has created a domineering and intellectual character which is ready to face the prejudices of the Elizabethan era. To a tee she overcomes these chauvinisms and modishly reverses the convention that a woman should do as a man says the basis for the entire play.

Literature and Social Reality Essay

In this paper I exit discuss and analyze the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shape literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the major literary movements of the period. to boot I will explain how naive pragmatism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period, how immigration and industrialization contributed to the influences. I will illustrate using examples from some of the greatest authors of the period. Immigration and Industrialization The United States population grew quickly in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Baym (2008) et al. write that there were 38. jillion people in 1870 and had gr aver to 92 million in 1910.This growth resulted mostly from immigration. People came from countries all over the world but predominantly from European and Asian nations. Immigration was to a fault the major cause for urbanization in the United States according to Baym et al. (2008) with a dramatic proportional shift from a mostly rural population to a larger city population. Simultaneously with this mass immigration industrialization was happening creating an copiousness of factory jobs and building immense riches for some while in like manner creating dramatic divides in society.Baym et al. (2008) describe the situation Long-settled white Americans faced pertly arrived white people across divides of power, income, and privilege worker against owner, farm against city, immigrant against native-born, leading to suspicion and social turmoil on a scale that the nation had not seen (p. 3). The consequences were labor struggles resulting from terrible working(a) conditions. Immigration brought an abundance of workers resulting in low wages as well as inhumane and dangerous working conditions (Baym et al. 2008, p. ). skirmish also arose from farmers being pushed off their land by the railroads and competition between native-born citizens and immigrants. There was also increased suspicion and resentment between t he social classes likely based on fear of losing their use of the cake for the upper and middle classes, whereas the lower class was resentful because of how they were treated. Major Literary Movements The major literary movements during this period were realism and naturalism emerging after a long period of idealism and romanticism.Realism shifted literature to a way of describe life as it actually is instead of trying to invest an idealized or romantic image. It was an objective dah that offered detached perspectives on the e reallyday lives of the middle-class, working-class and the poor. This stylus worked well for describing the struggles of the period. Baym et al. (2008) describe W. D. Howells as the chief American advocate of realism (p. 6). Mark Twain, Henry pack, Edith Wharton, and others also joined in this movement as well as some distinguished African American writers such as W. E.B Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett (Baym et al. , 2008).The nat ure of Naturalism has been debated as being the opposite of realism or as extension or intensification of realism (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 7). Naturalism usually describes more extreme settings and quite a little than realism and focuses on harsher conditions and poorer characters. Baym et al. (2008) suggest that while characters in realistic works often overcome difficulties, in naturalistic pieces the characters never stand a chance. It is a oft judgment of convictions more pessimistic literary style than realism.Crane, Dreiser, London, and Norris are described by Baym et al. (2008) as the leading American naturalistic writers of the period. How Realism and Naturalism Influenced literature Realism had an immense influence on the literature during this period. Mark Twain was one of the major authors and his Adventures of huckleberry Finn is an magnificent example of his style, which became regarded as a leading piece for the American style (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 6). Twain used colloquial speech and his write style puts the reader in the position of participant, almost as if in a dialogue with Huck.It is a very intimate and informal way of writing. Huckleberry Finn is uneducated and sees the world through the lens of the eye of his own experience as well as the social circumstances and mores of the time. In chapter 23 of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Huck ponders roughly Jim, his African American companion on his adventure He was thinking about his married woman and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and firesidesick because he hadnt ever been away from home before in his life and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks do for theirn.It dont seem natural, but I reckon it is so (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 204). This passage realistically illustrates the view of a young male child at the time who only knows the world through the social context of his time and place, which included slavery and a very derogatory view of Af rican Americans. Twain was very critical and pessimistic about humankind and his writing often reflected this. However with Huck Finn he bulges to be attempting to show that even an uneducated young boy in the 1840s could be open-minded and open-hearted enough to see that people are equals.Henry James writes about Daisy Miller, a young American woman who is a new kind of modern girl. She does not appear to care about the open up rules and mores of the time and is both bold and naive in her demeanor. Baym et al. (2008) write that James shows his nature as a true cosmopolitan concerned with exploring American national character as it is tested by cultural displacement (p. 317). James is painting a picture of the old and established strict rules of social class and position and how they become a hindrance in forming true conjunctive between people.The established upper- and middle-class look down on the lower class and the up-and-comers. The result is miscommunication, suspicion, an d conflict. damn London was one of the leading naturalist writers of his time. In his essay What Life Means to me he describes his own experience as a working class youngster who toiled in a variety of jobs until at last he had enough of heavy labor and became a vagrant for a while (Baym et al. , 2008).He describes how he found himself at the bottom of society and how in that place life offered nothing but squalor and wretchedness, both of the flesh and the aspect for here flesh and spirit were alike starved and tormented (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 582). He was keenly aware of the inequalities and injustice that industrialization had brought for the working class. He writes that he realizes that a laborer is entire and broken down at 45 or 50 while an intellectual, a brain vender (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584) comes into his prime at that age or later.He decides to ducate himself to make a difference both for himself and for the working class dear to his heart. London eventually en countered and the Socialist movement and describes in joyful terms finding warm faith in then human, glowing idealism, sweetness of unselfishness, renunciation, and martyrdom all the splendid, stinging things of the spirit (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584).He was a masterful naturalist writer describing in exquisite detail and with a detached, scientific narrative how the man slowly succumbs to the cold and freezes to death in his short story To Build a Fire. Clearly his own experiences in Alaska had provided him with great fodder for this kind of story. Conclusion In this paper I discussed and analyzed the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shaped literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I described the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I explained how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period and illustrated with examples from some of the greatest writers of that time.

Computer Technology During The 70’s 80’s And 90’s Essay

Computer engine room during the 70s 80s and 90s Computer technology took a gigantic leap in comement during the 70s when schools, businesses, and universities began to use computers. The 70s would drive home to be the beginning of the technology of computers, as we know it today. The personal computer became good-looking in the 80s. straightaway computers are being updated daily, if not hourly.During the 70s computers and computer use began to become known by ein truthone. This period was a time for development and improvement. The 70s was where many things we use today were introduced although what we have today is far more improved. This time wasnt the beginning of all computers, but it was the beginning for many things, including the microprocessor, microcomputer, and the all so important, personal computer. In the early 70s we already had some types of computers which were substantial in previous years. They consisted of a hard drive a type of keyboard and mostly a genuin ely sensitive screen. Moving into the 70s we started developing more useful things like the floppy disk. This make it possible to store information onto a removable disk that could be transferred to other compatible computers. We alike conceive the first off microprocessor, which is a type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry necessary to carry out the functions.Before it took large machines to hold this warehousing where now it can be programmed on a small chip. In this period we also see the first IBM laser printer and also the first IBM ink jet printer. Bill Gates and Paul Allen also introduce Microsoft during this time. A development during the late 70s and maybe the most important development during this time was the personal computer, also known as the PC. The PC is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. A personal computer is a type of microcomputer, or in other words, a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. The first PC consisted of a CPU (central treat unit), memory a keyboard and a display screen. A typical personal computer today consists of a CPU, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive, a display screen , keyboard, mouse, modem, printer, and external memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CD-ROMs (compact disc read-only memory).The IBM 5100 Portable Computer was IBMs first attempt to pass on a personalcomputer back in 1974. Weighing in at 50 pounds and be around $10,000, the IBM 5100 had a built-in immortalize drive, a small CRT and the capability of running programs in either BASIC or APL (A Programming Language, created by IBM). The monitor could display 16 lines of 64 characters each, the memory could be expanded to 64K, and the tape drive used a 1/4 inch tape cartridge similar to an 8-track stereo tape that could store about 200 K of data. Although designed to be a small business computer, the high cost and lack of i nterfacing capability limited the acceptance of what could be called the first personal computer, the IBM 5100.The 1980s were also an important time for computer technology. In this period we see many programs being introduced. The 70s was the main time for computer technology, but the 80s was the time for structure onto what computing already was. During this time period computers started becoming more advanced, with more memory, sudden loading time, and smaller devices, which hold even more memory. IBM, one of the largest computer companies during this time hired Microsoft to develop an operating system for their proposed personal computer. This is when Bill Gates and Microsoft develop Microsoft DOS (MS-DOS). Osborne hits big in 1980 with building the first portable computer Osborne I. Although they were going well for a while, in 1982 the Osborne Co. went out of business.The mesh was first introduced in the mid 70s, but it wasnt the internet as we know today. There were very f ew hosts, nothing like today. The 80s was the gateway into the internet of today. In 1984 the number of internet hosts broke 1000, 10,000 in 1987, and it broke 100,000 in 1989. Today there are millions. The new and improved mail system is introduced, we know it as e-mail. IBM, Apple, Mackintosh were making upgrades on their systems monthly, making them faster and modernizing them slightly. Microsoft was a big factor in upgrading the computer system. In 1983 they introduced Windows, the most commonly used program today. Microsoft also introduces disk operating system 3.0

Agriculture and Tractor

The tractor manufacture breeded a bear galvanic pile(prenominal) 28. 3% harvest-festival in gross sales playscripts during 2009-10, thereby ending the phase of cyclical subject field that had pul take down tractor sales during the preceding two days (200709). Significantly, the revival of 2009-10 happened despite the drought deal conditions in m all(prenominal) States during the kharif1 season dampening sentiments.The key factor enabling the pick up ontogeny of 2009-10 was intemperate c kickoffnish liquidity, which in turn was uphold by several factors, including high minimum support price (MSP) for trains greater ability of farmers to make capital purchases (including the usage of Kisan Credit Card which atomic number 18 increasely being used to part-finance tractor purchases) enhanced employment opportunities (with artless employment schemes being implemented by the G oernment of India) an improved credit environment and continuance of fill-in demand.These facto rs apart, non- rude use of tractors (for haulage in construction and infrastructure projects) continued to increase, benefiting tractor demand. Also, with infrastructure projects and rural employment schemes increasing employment opportunities, availability of labour for awkward activities continued to decline, persuading even farmers with medium-sized land holdings to either rent or purchase tractors. On a orbital basis, the feat of the eastern, Federal and Hesperian parts of the country was big-chested during 2009-10 in terms of tractor demand, while that of the southern region was moderate.A severe growth in tractor volumes, albeit on a low dismount-ranking, was witnessed in the eastern States, including Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand, which had a good paddy crop. Tractor volumes in the northern and western regions in like manner reported strong growth during 2009-10, especially in the second half (H2) of the year, benefiting from a low base (H2, 2008-09) and a satisfact ory kharif crop in whatever States. The southern region reported moderate performance in terms of tractor demand (growth of 11. 9% in 2009-10), being impacted largely by the de-growth in Andhra Pradesh (AP)a key southern marketwhere rainfall was unsystematic in 2009-10.However, in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, higher MSPs for rice along with some revival of interest of public sector banks (PSBs) in tractor financing led to strong tractor sales volumes. Historically, tractor demand has been fairly volatile, being influenced by cyclical trends, availability of finance, and crop patterns (monsoon). subsequently four years of strong growth during 2003-07, the fiscal years 200708 and 2008-09 both reported a fringy decline in tractor sales volumes, largely reflecting cyclical corrections.In addition to the cyclical dips, during H2, 2008-09, the constancy also had to oersee with the 1 Kharif season in India is during the south-west monsoon (June-October) ICRA rate gasconade Tractor Ind ustry An ICRA Perspective liquidity crunch, which pushed up interest place, even as financiers resorted to more(prenominal) stringent lending norms in the face of rising non-performing assets (NPAs). However, the spotlight improved during 200910 as credit availability improved on the strength of greater liquidity in the banking system.While tractor financing has traditionally been done by PSBs, of late, private banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs), despite their higher interest rates vis-a-vis the PSBs, deplete been able to increase their perceptivity of this market on the strength of faster contribute processing and use of more liberal credit norms. Overall, with tractor demand being closely linked to agricultural output, growth in farm mechanisation and farmers remuneration, the semipermanent demand drivers for the industry remain robust.The currently low levels of tractor penetration in India, strong administrational focalise on availability of finance for hus bandry automation tools and on rural development, increase in the use of tractors for nonagricultural purposes, and the growing emphasis on tractor exports augur s advantageously up for the industry. Background Chart 1 Annual Trends in Tractor Sales Volumes Chart 2 Monthly Trends in Tractor Sales Volumes Source Industry, ICRAs estimates Source Industry, ICRAs estimates The tractor industry reported a compounded one-year growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% in volume terms during the period 2003-07.The long up-cycle in demand was supported by several factors, including excise duty exemptions on tractors (2004-05), thrust on rural development, improved availability of finances for tractor purchase, and low interest rates. The growth also came on a low base, with the preceding three fiscal years (2000-03) having witnessed a prolonged phase of volume correction. The cyclical correction during 2000-03 had been aggravated by the build-up of channel inventory with the major(ip) players having pushed aggressively for larger sales.In contrast to this phase of cyclical slowdown, the one that happened during 2007-09 was less severe, with volumes declining by near 3%, despite the intermittent tightening of the liquidity office during H2, 2008-09. The demand slowdown during H2, 2008-09 also impacted the profitability of the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), that is, the tractor manufacturers, because of the high price inventory they were carrying. However, the billet improved on the cost structure front in H1 2009-10 with the softening of commodity prices preparing the ground for the industry to earn higher profitability margins.The pickup in volumes also lowered the overhead expenses for the tractor manufacturers, boosting their profitability. While the OEMs did non lower the listed sales price of tractors, the benefit of lower steel prices was passed on to the end customers via discounts. This is an accepted cause in the industry given that once prices are lower ed it is difficult to raise them subsequently. However, during H2 2009-10, the tractor majors increase the prices with the reversal of commodity prices and the discounts have also come down. ICRA Rating Services scallywag 2 ICRA Rating FeatureChart 3 Trends in get aheadability Margins of Select Players Tractor Industry An ICRA Perspective Source Company releases, ICRAs estimates refers to Profit before Interest and Tax (PBIT) and volume in the tractor piece Capacity utilisation in the tractor industry had hit a low during 2002-03, following large message additions and a volume slump. After that, capacity utilisation improved steadily, but remained moderate at some 50% during 2008-09. In 2009-10, the tractor volume growth has helped the OEMs improve their capacity utilizations however, there is still excess capacity in the industry.Thus, over the medium term, close tractor manufacturers would not need to make any significant capital investments in building capacities. As discus sed, the domesticated tractor industry has to cope with demand volatility on account of cyclical trends and the strong linkages it has with agricultural intersection and monsoon rains. Many of the industry players have thus diversified into related products, including generator engines and cranes, besides focusing more on exports, to gain some insulation against the volatility in domestic tractor demand.As for tractor exports, while a major part of that currently goes to USA, the OEMs are now exploring various other markets crosswise Europe, Asia and Africa for future exports. Industry Trends by Region The biggest markets for the tractor industry include States like Uttar Pradesh (UP), Andhra Pradesh (AP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, which together accounted for rough 50% of the total tractor sales in India during 2009-10. The tractor industry witnessed a strong y-o-y growth of 28. 3% during 2009-10, with most of the States report positive growth during the year.Chart 4 Trend in Tractor Sales across regions Chart 5 Trend in Tractor sales across States Source Industry, ICRAs estimates Source Industry, ICRAs estimates The northern region be the largest tractor market in India with sales of around 1,67,000 units as of 2009-10. This region reported a growth rate of 35. 7% in volume sales in 2009-10 over the previous(prenominal) fiscal, with the key contributors including UP, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The northern region benefited from higher MSPs (for crops), limited availability of labour (forcing higher mechanisation), and increasing non-agricultural use of tractors.Additionally, increased infrastructure development activities (especially highways) led to appreciation in land values and use of tractors for non-agricultural purposes. In some cases, farmers also received compensation for the judicatures acquisition of select land patches (adjoining highways), which increased the availability of cash with them. Feedback from indust ry players ICRA Rating Services varlet 3 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry An ICRA Perspective suggests cash purchases (including purchases using Kisan Credit Card) in some northern States increased to 35-40% of the total tractor volumes in 2009-10 from 10-15% in the past.Tractor volumes in UP grew by 42. 7% during 2009-10, with H2, 2009-10 reporting particularly strong growth (around 51% y-o-y) generally on the back of high sugar cane prices for the kharif crop and improved irrigation facilities. In the case of Punjab, tractor volumes remained strong for the fifth straight year in 2009-10 (y-o-y growth of 42%). In Rajasthan however, growth in tractor volumes was comparatively subdued in 2009-10 (around 24% y-o-y) as compared with the figure for the northern region as a whole.Tractor sales in Rajasthan were especially low in H2, 2009-10 versus H1, 2009-10, due to lower kharif output on account of deficient rains and inadequate financing availability. In the eastern region, trac tor volumes continued to report strong growth in 2009-10, albeit on a small base, and went up by 53. 8% over 2008-09, being driven mainly by the higher MSPs announced for paddy. Within the region however, many financiers remained loath to finance tractor purchases in some States like Bihar. Nevertheless, in Bihar, tractor volumes grew 66% over 2008-09 to around 29,000 units in 2009-10, thereby accounting for over 50% of the totalsales in the eastern region. The Bihar market, where tractor penetration had been low historically, has shown sustained growth over the subsist few years and become one of the important markets for the tractor industry. Overall, in the eastern region, growth in tractor volumes is expected to moderate, going forward, as the benefit of a low base get diluted gradually. The western region reported sales of around 92,000 tractor units during 2009-10a growth rate of 35. 7% over the previous fiscalbenefiting particularly from the strong performance that Maharash tra, Gujarat and MP posted during H2, 2009-10 (55% y-o-y growth over H2, 2008-09).The factors contributing to the strong growth in the region during H2, 2009-10 included a benign base effect, higher crop prices (of sugarcane and cotton in Maharashtra, and of cereals and soyabean in MP), and greater availability of retail finance. The performance of the southern region in terms of tractor sales was relatively modest during 2009-10, with the growth rate being around 11. 9% over the previous fiscal. While most States in the region reported healthy growth, AP, which is the largest tractor market in the south, de-grew by 10. 4% in 200910.The AP market has been undergoing a volume correction since 2007-08, with the preceding four to five years having witnessed a large and sustained volume growth this factor apart, the de-growth of 2009-10 was also aided by irregular monsoons. The other big market in the southern region, Karnataka, reported growth of 74% in tractor volumes in 2009-10 mainl y on the strength of higher MSPs for rice however, volume growth is expected to moderate in 2010-11 because of the base effect. In Tamil Nadu, tractor sales were flat during H1, 2009-10, but the performance improved in H2, 2009-10 mainly because of improved retail financing by the PSBs.Industry Trends by Tractor Horse Power (HP) The Indian tractor market has traditionally been a medium HP market, with 31-40 HP tractors accounting for around 47% of the total industry volumes. In 2008-09, the 31-40 HP category had reported sales of 157,602 tractor units, which was about the same as the previous years figure but lower than the 2006-07 statistic by 7%. In 2009-10 however, this category reported a strong revival, with the volume growing by 22%2 over 2008-09 the revival was led by UP, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The other major segment in theIndian tractor market is the 41-50 HP range, which accounts for around 23% of the total industry volumes. This segment grew by around 10% during 20 09-10, thereby underperforming the growth in overall tractor volumes (around 19%) that year. The main actor for this underperformance was the low growth that the southern region, the biggest market for this segment, reported in 2009-10. 2 The HP wise y-o-y growth rates are based on 9M 2009-10 tractor volumes. Page 4 ICRA Rating Services ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry An ICRA PerspectiveThe 51 HP segment of the Indian tractor market also underperformed the industry growth rate in 200910 mainly because of the de-growth in the exports which is a key demand area for these high HP tractors. Some long Demand Drivers for the Industry Low penetration of tractors in Indian agriculture Indian agriculture is characterised by low farm mechanisation, fragmented land holdings, and high dependence on monsoon rains (in the absence of adequate irrigation facilities). Tractor penetration in India is low at around 13 tractors per 1,000 hectares as against the global average of 19 and the US av erage of 29.While this does indicate the relative backwardness of Indian agriculture, it also points to the significant scope that exists for raising tractor penetration, which bodes well for tractor demand over the long term. Government support for the agricultural sector Although agriculture contributes just around 20% to Indias GDP, it provides employment to a large rural population, which is why the sector remains a strong focus area for the Government. The tractor industry benefits significantly from the Governmental focus on agriculture, with measures such as nil excise duty ontractors (even the excise duty on tractor parts has been lowered from 16% to 8%) and inclusion of tractor financing under priority sector lending (by PSBs) serving as long-term demand drivers. Financing of tractor purchase is of great significance for the industry, it being a key demand facilitator. Export of tractors Indian tractor manufacturers have been increasingly targeting the international markets over the last few years. The industry exported a total of around 37,900 tractors during 2009-10, with the USA, Africa, South America, and some Asian countries being the top destinations.The industry leader, Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M), has acquired Yancheng Tractors, the fourth largest tractor manufacturer in mainland China (in terms of FY2008 volumes), to improve its presence in the country. In the developed markets, Indian tractors have a relatively marginal presence, with sales being largely restricted to the hobby farming segment. Outlook Tractor sales are expected to remain healthy in fiscal 2010-11, given the good rabi crop this time around, the act firmness in the prices of agricultural products, and the healthy monsoons anticipated during the coming kharif season.Moreover, improving farm mechanisation levels (with labour availability in rural areas declining), increasing non-agricultural use of tractors, higher credit disbursements for agriculture, and sharper Governmental focus on the farm sector (larger budgetary allocations) are also expected to encourage tractor sales. The industrys profitability is however expected to remain moderate in the medium term, considering the high competitive chroma and low capacity utilisation levels, although larger players could benefit from scale economics.As for margins, while they have seen an improvement in 2009-10, they would remain vulnerable to adverse changes in commodity prices. While some States in the northern region have achieved high levels of tractor penetration and farm mechanisation, on an all-India basis, the penetration remains low, which along with the current shortfall of farm labour and consequently rising labour costs, may be expected to lead to greater mechanisation and use of tractors.The long-term prospects for the Indian tractor industry hinge on agricultural growth and Government support in areas such as financing availability, tax exemptions, and fiscal stimulus for rural development. Ov erall, ICRA expects the long-term growth rate for the Indian tractor industry to trend around the historical average of 6-8%, supported by increasing tractor penetration. ICRA Rating Services Page 5 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry An ICRA Perspective Annexure I Structure of the Indian Tractor IndustryThe Indian tractor industry has around 13 national players and a few regional players. The industry is dominated by Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M) with a market function of around 41. 1%, followed by Tractors and advance Equipments TAFE, which holds around 22% of the market. The other major players include Escorts (12. 1%), L&T-John Deere (7. 8%), and International Tractors particular (8. 9%). During the last few years, the industry has seen some consolidation with M&M getting Punjab Tractors (PTL) and TAFE acquiring Eicher Tractors.Most of the tractors sold in India are in the 21-50 HP range, with the 31-40 HP category alone accounting for around 50% of this. The long-term prospe cts of the Indian tractor industry are extremely dependent on Government policies for the agriculture sector. Historically, most tractor sales are done on credit even as over the last few years financial institutions, facing an increase in their non-performing assets (NPAs), have resorted to some tightening of credit norms. Also, during 2009-10, there has been a sharp increase in cash purchases, reflecting the rise in disposable incomes in the rural markets.Most of the tractor financing done by banks comes under priority sector lending, a directed-lending mechanism of the Government of India. In terms of volume, India is one of the largest tractor markets in the world, besides China and the USA. The prospects of the domestic industry are highly linked to monsoon rains, which remain a key factor in determining agricultural production. Better irrigated States like Punjab and Haryana have a high tractor density (over 100 per 1,000 hectares), while States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himac hal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra, MP and WestBengal have low levels of tractor penetrationa pointer to the substantial growth potential that the latter set offers. On an all-India basis, tractor penetration remains low at around 13 per 1,000 hectares. Besides being used in farming, tractors find application in activities such as harvesting and irrigation, land reclamation, drawing water and powering agricultural implements. In addition, lately, the tractors are also being used for non-agricultural purposes including haulage in construction and infrastructure projects which has spread out the tractor market.The Indian tractor market, thus, is expected to grow in future and remain one of the biggest tractor markets in the world. Chart 6 Trend in State wise market share Source Industry, ICRAs estimates Annexure 2 Region-wise securities industry Shares of Various Players The market shares of the top four players in the Indian tractor industry did not change oft during 200910 in c omparison with 2008-09. M&M remained the market leader with around 41. 1% market share, followed by TAFE with a market share of around 22%, Escorts with around 12. 1%, and International Tractors (ITL) with around 8. 9%.ICRA Rating Services Page 6 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry An ICRA Perspective Chart 7 Movement in Regional Market Shares of Select Players 2009-10 vs. 2008-09 (bits per second) Source Industry, ICRAs estimates M&M remains particularly strong in the southern region (50. 4% market share during 2009-10). However, L&T John Deere (LT-JD) was able to increase its market share in the region by around 250 bits per second in 2009-10, mainly at the expense of M&M (market share down by one hundred forty bps) and Escorts (down by 140 bps).In the western region too, LT-JD performed well in 2009-10, increasing its market share by 190 bps, even as TAFE lost market share by around 90 bps there. In the northern region, where M&M has been traditionally weak, the company increas ed its market share by 140 bps during 2009-10, even as ITL and Escorts lost market shares by around 90 bps and 60 bps respectively, there. In the eastern region, M&M was able to raise its market share by around 140 bps in 2009-10 at the expense of Escorts and TAFE.ICRA Rating Services Page 7 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry An ICRA Perspective ICRA Limited An Associate of Moodys Investors Service CORPORATE line Building No. 8, 2nd Floor, Tower A DLF Cyber City, Phase II Gurgaon 122 002 Tel +91 124 4545300 facsimile machine +91 124 4545350 Email emailprotected com, Website www. icra. in REGISTERED OFFICE 1105, Kailash Building, 11th Floor 26 Kasturba Gandhi Marg New Delhi 110001 Tel +91 11 23357940-50 facsimile machine +91 11 23357014Branches Mumbai Tel. + (91 22) 24331046/53/62/74/86/87, Fax + (91 22) 2433 1390 Chennai Tel + (91 44) 2434 0043/9659/8080, 2433 0724/ 3293/3294, Fax + (91 44) 2434 3663 Kolkata Tel + (91 33) 2287 8839 /2287 6617/ 2283 1411/ 2280 0008, Fax + (91 33) 2287 0728 Bangalore Tel + (91 80) 2559 7401/4049 Fax + (91 80) 559 4065 Ahmedabad Tel + (91 79) 2658 4924/5049/2008, Fax + (91 79) 2658 4924 Hyderabad Tel +(91 40) 2373 5061/7251, Fax + (91 40) 2373 5152 Pune Tel + (91 20) 2552 0194/95/96, Fax + (91 20) 553 9231 Copyright, 2010 ICRA Limited. All Rights Reserved. Contents may be used freely with due acknowledgement to ICRA.All information contained herein has been obtained by ICRA from sources believed by it to be accurate and reliable. Although reasonable deal has been taken to ensure that the information herein is true, such information is provided as is without any warranty of any kind, and ICRA in particular, makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of any such information. All information contained herein must be construed solely as statements of opinion, and ICRA shall not be liable for any losses incurred by users from any use of this publication or its contents .