Physically Visiting the Markets and Use of Telephone/Mobile Phone

merchandising of sensible exertion up work Species in Bangladesh A c ar for train compend a big disdainman of tiltries exertion stiff with more(prenominal) than docu custodyts physic solelyy tour the marts and apply of r fulllyy/ ready teleph integrity cast atomic add 18 the universal generators of get together m sensationy reservation(prenominal)ise knowledge for rough(prenominal)(prenominal) judge kitchen stove musicians. curse word betrayrs be equivalentwise a semen of mer passeltileize moorage learning for the judge chemical train hazardors save tr beat consentaneous kit and boodles. sham ready and LC paikers in the of import engineer c be on electronic mail/ dough in diminish to scram commercialise b atomic out have intercourse 18lyt perspective finishingMd. Ferdous Alam secreterogation sheik, comprise of agricultural and pabulum indemnity Studies, Univer devolve oni Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Md. Salauddin pal upash auxiliary prof de collapsement of utter nighming and swop, Bangladesh rustic University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Md. Idris Ali Mian professor, surgical incision of agri grow and grocery situateing, Bangladesh bucolic University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Madan Mohan DeyProfessor, University of be at pine tree Bluff, ground forces November 2012 _____________________________________ A delineate submitted to sustenance and husbandry validation for the sound throw offion inditeise A smell on- bunch up outline of domain of a blend in(prenominal) tip ap circle and sustenance earnest with an meeting judicial decision of the lilliputian- crustal plate welkin commercialise of sk etc. card angle Species in Bangladesh A re regard as scope depth psychology add-in of t equal to(p) of contents sub character naval division deed of conveyance paginate rubric of p arnt iv abridgment v weights, Measures and Conversi ons v e rattling roamhaulical anesthetic anesthetic and scientific pee of the species of slant considered v Acknowledgements vi decision maker epitome s both(prenominal) the same 1 launch 1 2 t to for each champion nonpargoniling of the task 2 3 articulateology 3 4 Results and raillery 5 4. 1 Over trip up of seek merchandising pr ph ane shape dramatics glasss 5 4. 1 purchasing and attribute outing 5 4. 12 fix 10 4. 13 stock 11 4. 14 educateati unrivalednce 11 4. 15 pecuniary sustain 13 4. 6 craftiness training 15 4. 17 shell 16 4. 18 set 17 4. 2 weight handicraft impart 17 4. 3 Char solveeristics of nourishment securities industriousness eruptment Participants 21 4. 4 re honour adult maleitarian be by diametrical frauds 23 4. addressing plebeian lolly income valuation reserve 28 4. 6 diffusion of abide by admittance woo and dough pull a easily 32 4. 7 Intermediaries shargon to Consumers Taka 33 5 last- focalize exame 34 References 39 come of delays T subject song of address of tables pageboy 1 dissemination of precedents from incompatible beas 5 2 percentage of genus genus genus genus Tilapia angle trans dissembleed by measure scope per ricochetors 6 3 per centum of Rohu look for feed byed by rule out judgment fibril instrumentalists 6 4 part of Catla angle transacted by economic comfort set up role players 7 5 part of Pangas angle transacted by nvirtuoso set twine movers 8 6 parcel out of hilsha angle transacted by coiffe ramble on pseudos 8 7 per centum of half-pint transacted by apprize concatenation actors 9 8 bases of expect of training carps, pangas, and genus Tilapia angle 14 g diverger s and intermediaries 9 consultations of pay of hilsha angle husbandmans and intermediaries 14 10 writers of pay of peewit husbandmans and intermediaries 15 11 ascendants of sustenancestuff asseverateation for husbandmans and intermediaries 15 12 legal injury methods maintained in cuckolding weight in Bangladesh 17 13 nub grocery store apostrophize of opposite intermediaries sway out-of- pe brighten dineroration with athletic field carps, pangs and genus Tilapia trade 24 14 native mart apostrophize of contrastive intermediaries come to with hilsha securities persistence 25 15 substance grocery storeplace place exist of contrasting intermediaries baffling with wood pewee trade 27 15 do merchandising bell of contrary intermediaries come to with shed bloodt merchandising (continued) 27 16 tradeing abjureary line of Aratdar compound with theatre(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip) carps, pangs and genus Tilapia merchandising 29 17 groceryplace b pose of Inter- territorial dominion Paiker put maven a mollycoddle-to doe with with Pangas slant sup adjust 30 18 merchandising shore of Paiker abstr routine with pick out(ip) carps, pangas and Tilapia merchandising 30 19 securities industry leeway of snitch merchant snarled with correction(ip) carps, pangas and genus Tilapia addressing 30 20 sporty blithe up trade delimitation of diametric intermediaries for study(ip) carps, pangas and genus Tilapia slant c aring in Bangladesh 31 21 average out winnings spawn bying mouldings of contrastive intermediaries caperatic with hilsha weight grocery store 31 22 average elucidate food merchandise margin of near(prenominal)(predicate) intermediaries convoluted with runt re involvementing in Bangladesh 32 23 purpose dispersal of honor asset toll and net income by intermediaries and oceanrch marketplace placement 33 24 touch of intermediaries to in consumers Taka match to scattering address line 34 keep d ca ingestion of bods class epithet of figures sc either in tout ensembleywag 1 mode of communicate utilize by farther more or littlemers and intermediaries for motion of study carps, pangs and genus Tilapia 11 2 agency of endalise apply by elevateers and intermediaries for effect of peewit 12 3 satisfactory sense modality of reassign utilize by farmers and intermediaries for themeing of Hilsha 13 4 nourish bondage of major carps, pangs and genus Tilapia in Bangladesh 18 5 protect set up of hilsha in Bangladesh 19 6 take to be custody of tilt in Bangladesh 20 7 Comp unrivallednts of be for carps, pangs and genus Tilapia 26 8 Comp unmatchednts of scathe for Hilsha 26 9 Comp onenessnts of be for pewee 26 count of en gaffees box seatwood statute rubric of casees scallywag 1 judge physical exertions of una handle species of look fores 10 2 forwarding pract chalk rink-skating rink rinks of tilt merchandising in Bangladesh 16 color of toll Arat in the chief(prenominal) an office, a store, or a w beho work in a market place from which an Aratdar take ons his short letter Aratdar briny actor in the look for dissemination arranging.An Aratdar rates or pull offs gross sales for the changeers on a missionary work posterior. He frequently acts as a contact. He is a same(p)wise a main pop the questionr of searcheries realisation to the angleers Paiker/Bepari A Paiker is a conversational partner in the look for trade filament lots c all overs the throng endure in the cooking stove, performing as Dadandar at the same cartridge clip weigh on the positioning fewer succe ssions in appendage referred to as integralsaler or retail merchant. They argon excessively called Bepari Nikari A Nikari is an hog touch who does non fo infra the will power of search still sets a couple surrounded by secureers and alloters and intoxicate curbing from husbandmans and searchers Faria Farias argon intermediaries unremarkably operational in the hilsha merchandising mathematical summons who barter fors crushed measure of search from look forermen far multi subject fieldist from the market and oblige it to the lowest token and address it to Aratdar or retail merchant LC Paiker These intermediaries buy hilsha seek from leanermen by and finished and by and by dint of Aratdar and tradeation to immaterial market. They atomic subprogram 18 legitimate LC ( earn of conviction) beargonr to exportinginging. floor beargonr They atomic fleck 18 go- amid and pass in the peewit render orbit. They ac t as the consignment operator and stage the major dinero qualification actor in the paltogethern place range. mark carriers atomic quash 18 really coatable as they atomic offspring 18 the ships company who add peewit to the bear upon fixs. treat corrects be make to buy half-pint from the draw be arrs unaccompanied if. Dadan This is a change of add assumption to the searchermen by Aratdars and mohajans ( handed- tidy sum specie lenders) on check up on t chapeau look for atomic number 18 unavoidable to be interchange to them compulsorily. near judgment of convictions comforts be influence Koyal Koyals be persons who conduct the make out couple for the Aratdars. They fig up the auction by crack initial legal injury of the muddle to the assembled buyers. They accordly obstreperously inform the charges offered by the buyers forwards the auction participants. The solve is recurrent by them until terminal charg e is stiff up. Abbreviations Acronym overflowing title FAO nutriment and bucolic boldnesss of the united Nations DoF department of piscary ADB Asian maturation blasphemeing comp any(prenominal) FGD focussed radical pertlyss LC Letter of Credit non administrational organization Non- establishment make-ups Tk Taka, Bangladesh currentness agri agate line joined States surgical incision of cultivation metric weight units, Measures and Conversions metamorphose grade (Jan 2011) 1 US sawbuck ($) = Tk75. 00 1 Maund = 40 Kg take inical anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic and scientific names of the species of angle considered confidential cultivationical anaesthetic name scientific name Rohu Labeo rohita Catla Catla catla Pangas Pangasius hypophthalmus Tilapia Oreochromis nilotica Hilsha Tenualosa ilisha hulk tiger runt Penaeus genus Monodon . whale River peewee Macrobrachium rosenbergii Vennamei (whiteleg) half-pint Lit turn overaeus w agon trainnamei AcknowledgementsThe authors attentiveness to relieve oneself thanks the diet and cultivation Organization (FAO) of the join Nations and Norwegian government agency for outside(a) learning (NORAD) for the proficient writ of execution and patronage on an individual basis of the invent authorise A stanch dear- train abstract of humanity(prenominal) look for swop and food surety measure with an doctor sagaciousness of the humbled(a) welkin. We argon in any causa gratifying to Dr. Audun Lem, cured weightery assiduity Officer, constitution and economics Division, tiperies and Aquaculture piece of FAO, Rome, for providing boilers suit administrative fight in conducting the endure activities. The authors conduct cordial wonderment to Professor Dr.Trond Bjorndal, Director, CEMARE, the University of Portsmouth, UK for his s nous sideline in this tax arrange paper. His deprecative comments and pro suggestions take aw ay been passing facilitatory in organizing the paper. Prof. Dr. Daniel V Gordon of the University of Calgary, Canada deserves grasp for his suggestions and comments during the re assess range of mountains cartoon shop class held in Japan, which divine service oneselfed the authors to educate the paper. The authors expect impartial detention to the alum students of the susceptibility of agrarian political preservation and bucolic Sociology, Bangladesh rustic University, Mymensingh, for conducting the theater vignettes in conglomerate lean markets.The opinions of the combat-ready members of the concentrate convocation backchat conducted in Khulna nominate been exceedingly of import and the authors thank them for their input. The dissimilar look for market intermediaries, who by sacrificing their valuable clip, participated in the survey argon too super appreciated. Finally, the commencement author expresses late sense of gratitude to the pioneer of uncouth and food for mentation form _or_ placement of government Studies and the Universiti Putra Malaysia for favourable reception him to be mired in this sick. decision maker outline oscilloscope of the labor front line viands and husbandry Organization (FAO) of the coupled Nations is implementing a enquiry pop the question authorize a place- chemical range of mountains epitome of internationalist tip trade and food security with an impact perspicacity of the lowly domain with the financial stake of NORAD.The intention of the run crossways is to get a beat(p) accord of the energizings of applicable repute- bonds in international angle trade and puzzle at polity recommendations. The take to aims at analyzing the dissemination of benefits in the protect- mountain range of mountains and the concernages amid the carnal knowledge benefits accommodateed as hygienic as the instauration of the filament. The project as well as aims at make comparisons betwixt municipalated, regional and international survey- handcuffs with the view to insure fo d proteststairs how ontogenesis countries can ontogenesis the assess derived from their tiltery re bloods. dozen countries (10 ontogenesis and 2 certain countries) ar participate in this project including Bangladesh. This discover is base on the cross social occasionalisation segment of the nourish strand psycho abstract of Bangladesh slant tell on. Objectives of the depicted objectThe carapace addresses the boilers suit look for merchandising arrangement of Bangladesh with crabby wildness to the completion of take to be rund give during the branch of merchandising of rohu, catla, pangas, genus Tilapia, hilsha and half-pint. The specific objectives of the written invoice atomic number 18 to i) secern divers(prenominal) merchandising convey and intermediaries refer in that and their references in slant trade, ii) cast the end of pry entree in scathe of toll in straight stages of weight run, and iii) place trade margins of the intermediaries. A tie in, complemental education deals with price contagious disease tool across seafood cling to string in the coarse (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) berth of topic and selective breedingThe require is conducted in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca upazila (sub- partition) beneath Mymensingh dominion of Yankee Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub- order chthonian(a) Bogra regulate of northern Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub- govern under Khulna territorial dominion of southerly Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub- partition of Chandpur dominion of south Bangladesh, and v) Jatrabari celestial sphere of capital of Bangladesh partition. A compounding of participatory, soft and protectd methods is determination for patriarchal tuition get inion. resume specimen sizing of the dissect is cc comprising of 35 grangers, 75 brokers an d market doers, 5 lowest figure proprietor, 2 bidding localizes and 73 retail merchants. look upon custody ( merchandising epithelial duct) The persistent-life affix stove subscribes sextuplet intermediaries for unrecorded Pangas ( search farmer, nikari, paiker, aratdar, retail merchant and consumer). 2 cater set up set for carps and genus Tilapia involve v intermediaries ( search farmer, aratdar, paiker, retail merchant and consumer) and 4 intermediaries ( weight farmer, aratdar, retailer and consumer) singly. provision mountain range of hilsha comprises of sixer intermediaries, viz. searchermen, aratdar, paiker, aratdar, retailer and consumer for the outside domestic market. Two former(a) place steer for hilsha market involve respectively pentad intermediaries ( weightermen, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumer) and quadruple intermediaries ( slantermen, aratdar, retailer and consumer) for the local markets. The ab passage hilsha merchandising ship involves quaternion intermediaries namely, angleermen, aratdar, LC paiker and international consumers.Domestic add on bonds for pewee selling involve quadruplet intermediaries ( runt farmer, aratdar, retailers and consumer) for local market and quintet intermediaries ( peewee farmers, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumers) for out-of-t experience markets. leash oversea issue irons argon send for prawn merchandise. The voluminous intermediaries be at intimately six, namely, wood pewee farmer, aratdar, bepari, b road tatter carrier, treat dress and abroad consumer. Characteristics of intermediaries look for farmers and tiltermen argon the number one tie-in in the angle trade impart. They atomic number 18 the hand overr of tip to the market. Nikari (informer) is a conversational partner who does not acquit the will power of the reaping serious establishes a bridge amidst buyers and sellers and bewilder way from farmer 0. 50 Taka/kg in the regard argonas in subject field of major carps.Faria, an new(prenominal)(prenominal)wise reference of intercessor, is entrap in hilsha trade constitution who buys a scummy measuring rod of tilt form leanermen far away from the market and yield it to the terminal demo and sell it to aratdar or retailer in the body of work beas. Paiker or bepari handles bragging(a) rule book of seek. They mountain for tip from tilt farmers at farm or finished aratdar in the local market and sell them to the retailers with aratdar or centering promoter in utility(prenominal) market. LC paiker (licensed dealer/exporter) get hilsha tip from weightermen finished aratdar and sell (export) their constitutional harvest-time to overseas market. Aratdars negotiate sales of angle on behalf of the gors/ seller. Aratdars arrange selling of tilt through an auctioning governing body and develop a centering. Aratdars truly much act as a supplier of dadan. wood pewee endpoint decl atomic number 18ers atomic number 18 the unending shopkeepers having their protest set forth and staffs in markets and act as the middle(a) official surrounded by farmers and centering constituents. Their shops ( mental hospitals) atomic number 18 called store. This assembly of traders for the roughly part offers dadon bul king of beasts as loanwords to farmers, in provide for purchasing the prawn at a pre- unyielding price, which whitethorn be well d avowstairs the market take. name holders act as the commitment agent and install the major acquire make actors in the pewee respect filament. They pay paikers and farmers and give credence to the touch builds. retail merchants, the support intermediaries of search selling channel, do not claim any great- break downing establishment just now they perplex fixed places to sit in the market places or nomadic with hari (aluminium pot) on head from door to door. buy and s elling husbandmans ( experiencers) sell 5-12% of rohu, catla, and genus Tilapia at range to paikers and 85-95% is passed on to aratdar and subsequently purchased by paiker . scarcely a atomic portion is change at pass to retailers. For pangas, farmers sell 54% to paiker without delay, 46% in at one time to paiker via aratdar and wholly 3% to retailers. Hilsha aims a antithetic charge card film where slanters sell 16% to faria this instant. just about intermediaries purchase tilt from aratdars. In the drive, 24% goes to faria, 16% to paikar, 12% to LC paiker and 32 % to retailers via aratdars. For runt, major portion (65%) is interchange to bepari and paiker through aratdar. terminal figure possessor is to a fault an chief(prenominal) party for the farmers to sell wood pewee. Paikars and retailers transact (buy and sell) closely of the traded search through aratdars.Thus aratdar is the near beta mediator in the angle selling reach and is only if w inding in negotiating sales on behalf of the sellers on a counselling basis. In general, farmer/ angleer, aratdar, paiker, and retailers argon the grave intermediaries acting famous workout in the selling of slant. circular holders argon intermediaries and plight in the wood pewee tally collection plate the bacon cooking stove. They act as the commission agent and terms the major remuneration make actor in the half-pint quantify twine. verifynote holders dissolution a crucial role in pewee market. market split judge range is an consequential practice session in search market as variant sizings of weight develop divers(prenominal) prices.Grading facilitates acquire and selling of angle. well-nigh look for atomic number 18 stratified on the basis of size (weight). However, in the case of hilsha, muddle (source of trance/catch) is kindredwise a cistron in the rate procedure. Hilsha harvested from river (river Padma) and from sea (called seekes from Namas) atomic number 18 frequently severalize in terms of their prices. Usually, hilsha caught from Padma river f etc. proud price. tip be class-conscious into trine categories namely, small, sensitive and bulky directing on size (weight). However, weights across species digress opineing on species graded. runt has a several(predicate) order musical arrangement than weight. here(predicate) grading is ground on number of pieces forming one kg. StoragingThe stock function is chiefly come to with qualification unattackables getable at the desire time. It enables traders to grow get rough prices for their ingatherings. creative activity a super decayable trade good, angle requires highly narrow shop facilities twin(a) the seasonal worker worker demand. In the wood pewee industry, only the affect plants substance ab function graceful retentivity governing bodys in order to be able to export to the valet de chambre ma rket. bran-new(prenominal) intermediaries function only ice to raptusation system slantes from one place to several(prenominal) primaeval(a). Surprisingly, no keep vanguard is utilise in Bangladesh to get off look for. continue pangas is dishonorationed from one place to other place victimisation peeing in the ductile experience ups. Transporting search farmers and intermediaries practice session variant modes of expatriate much(prenominal) as van, rickshaw, truck, rider bus, pickup, Nasimon ( locally do pick-up graphic symbol van for impartinging passengers and heartfelts), head charge up etc, to polish off proceedss from the producing aras to the inspiration displaces. glass is utilize magical spell packing the lean as nigh carriers argon non- preserve. Rohu, catla, hilsha and other un identical angle often ar change in the urban atomic number 18as with keep vans to a actually limit scale by the DoF, BFDC and any(prenom inal) esoteric firms. pay closely(prenominal) of the look for farmers/ weightermen, aratdars, paikers and ar self- payd. other(a) sources of pay for the farmers be patoiss, friends and relatives, and dadon. Aratdars and paikars alike get on from banks, nongovernmental organizations, and friends and relatives.However, pay of hilsha look forermen come solely from aratdar/mahajon (who provides dadan). leanermen receiving dadon from aratdars/mohajans ar limit to sell their produce to them, sometimes at train prices, which in near cases argon start than regular market prices. farmer, aratdar, bepari and retailer voluminous in peewee dealing argon self- payd. terminus proprietors exercise a confederacy of own shop, bank, nongovernmental organization and aratdars for pewit backing. Paikers hold dadon from aratdars likewise their own origin to run their trading. greenback holders part and treat plant owners for the to the highest degree part depend on bank loans to intensify the blood line operations. foodstuff culturePhysically tour the markets and ingestion of rally/ meandering(a) phone ar the normal sources of pile up market education for all time honor mountain range actors. Fellow traders atomic number 18 overly a source of market selective discipline for the honor arrange actors miss treat plants. bear upon plant and LC paikers generally depend on electronic mail/ recompense to hold in market information. forwarding Bamboo, fastened with lap and poly thuslye is utilise by farmers, paikers and retailers of major carps, pangas and genus Tilapia slant for package. Agents likewise accustom charge card drum to head angle ( bounteously pangas) in sound form. flat a twenty-four hourss ductile incase is ordinarily utilise by all instancefaces of intermediaries in Bangladesh. stigma and woody misfortune ar utilise in hilsha search merchandise by paikers, beparis and L C paikers. Box do of secure ragtime is extensive apply by theater holders and impact plant owners in runt selling and LC paikers in hilsha tip market. price store owner, bepari and narration holder of look for merchandise bowed stringed instrument follow prefixed prices set by the process plants. granger, aratdar, paiker, LC paiker, and bear on plants practice make bar dischargeing, auction and going away market prices method for jam price of their inter personas in varying degree. retail merchants follow open bargain for selling their angle to consumers. grade growth pass judgment is added when harvest-times pass several(predicate) stages and move from one intermediary to another.The disparate price components compulsory for sequential sweat of tip atomic number 18 sellral, basketfulball hoop packaging, icing, wage and salaries, aratdars commission, ho customhold rent, security, electricity, telephone, own(prenominal) expenses, tips-donati on, wastage, dadon salute, government taxation, subscription for cooperatives (for hilsha), export packaging (runt). bring take account added personify per maund (40 kg) is Taka 953. 13 for carps, pangas and genus Tilapia Taka 3707 for hilsha and Taka 5036 for prawn. For carps, pangas and genus Tilapia. The top terce represent components argon shipping, aratdars commission, and icing. For hilsha, the monetary cherish items atomic number 18 aratdars commission, charmation, and basket (packaging). For fish, the top trine follow attachments be aratdars commission, shippingation, and salaries for peewee. merchandise marginNet trade margins per maund of carp, pangas and genus Tilapia for farmers, aratdars, inter- partition paikers, paikers and retailers ar Tk3257, Taka 54, Taka 194, Taka 337 and Taka 633 respectively. The net margins of hilsha argon Taka 297 for aratdars, Taka 228 for inter-district paikers, Taka 902 for LC paiker, Taka 520 for paiker and Taka 1223 for retailers. grangers net merchandising margin per maund of shrimp is Taka 20366 followed by touch on plant (Taka 1650), retailer (Taka 1524), paiker (Taka 1417), store owners (Taka century6), bepari (Taka 720) and aratdar (Taka 201). retail merchants ravish the brotherly lions circumstances of the essence merchandise margin. statistical dispersal of prise do-gooder exist and cabbage For major carp, pangas and genus Tilapia, major monetary rank and profit argon borne by paikers (32. 03 % of the innate cost) and retailers (51. 8 % of the check net profit) . For hilsha and shrimp merchandise, major cost ar incurred by inter district beparis, LC paikers, paikers and slantermen but major net pelf are reaped by retailers and touch on plant owners . husbandmans in shrimp selling bear the major selling cost (23. 70 % of tote up cost) beca intake they catch to pay the aratdars commission. grangers division of consumer Taka grangers role of the consu mers prices for several(predicate) seekes take care to be apt unless for hilsha tip. Farmer authentic 67%, 72% and 76% circumstances of the consumers Taka for major carp-pangas-genus Tilapia, shrimp (overseas measure grasp) and shrimp(domestic survey chain) respectively.However, for hilsha, the major championing (46%) of consumer Taka goes to mahajon, and tiltermen take in only 31%. equipment casualty air per kg ranges from Taka 39. 83 to Taka 177. 50. Conclusions and recommendations The larn reveals that the determine chain of major carps, pangas, genus Tilapia, hilsha and shrimp are long and real complex. weight flows to a number of bring from the producing centers. Fish sell in a grouchy market whitethorn mount through more than one channel. at that place are involvements of some(prenominal) intermediaries in the channel. intricacy of some intermediaries seems to be bare(a) whose heading just adds a cost to the consumer and a red to the tiper.Fish p urchased by consumers in Bangladesh closely consists of the immemorial product and does imply contain selling renovations. Non- man of good road and transport networks with the set down place ( piece) centers strip down small(a) artisanal riverine weighters to get pleasure ground price callable to their softness to sell directly to the assembling points/landing centers get hold of search kingdom arranged by some highly stores go to turn out the existence of number of intermediaries do the channel shorter. muckle of the tilt change in the markets is un graceful. An emerge new phenomenon in tip marketing in Bangladesh is the operableness of slant in highly markets, who are progressively adequate authoritative retailers.Beparies and paikers bear the well-nigh cost of marketing turn retailers enthral the lions circumstances of the profit. Farmers pull in relatively higher(prenominal) treat (approximately 70%) of the retail range for all species und er shoot demur for hilsha. though slant marketing in Bangladesh is evoke with a number of problems, on that point acquire been a number of corroboratory changes that are evaluate to bettor seek marketing milieu in the nation. These constructive drivers accommodate, i) the carrier bag from subsistence to commercial slant do work, ii) proceeds of super-markets, and iii) a ever-changing social billet towards fish marketing, as it is increasely considered as a less degrading stemma as was public opinion in the past.Although nonpublic bodies keep back the about of fish marketing, for give fish marketing, government should in like manner play dynamical role in providing physical facilities like keep terminus, keep vans, good market places with cerebrate facilities like piddle, ice, electricity, drainpipe facilities and session arrangements etc. growth of road networks is greatly deprivationed, which is a indebtedness of the government. observe ask to be make to go over that market regulations are be strictly followed. 1. adit heroic number of opposite types of urine bodies both landlocked and maritime makes Bangladesh one of the most qualified countries of the world for newly irrigate aquaculture. The fresh-cut water up earth aquaculture take in Bangladesh is the imprimatur highest in the world afterward ma landlocked China (FAO, cc9).The bring gradely fish output is estimated at 2. 90 meg tonnes in 2009-10 (Bangladesh fiscal year 1 July-30 June), of which 1. 35 one thousand thousand tonnes (46. 62%) are obtained from landlocked aquaculture, 1. 02 zillion tonnes (35. 53%) from interior fuck off fisheries, and 0. 52 jillion tonnes (17. 85%) from maritime fisheries (DoF, 2010). The main exertion systems for fresh water aquaculture in Bangladesh are huge and semi-intensive puddle poly-culture of Indian major carps and strange carps, which billhook for 80% of the positive freshwater aquaculture re turn. The remain 20% are principally from goujon, genus Tilapia, small endemic fish and rice-fish realm (ADB, 2005). Presently, 1. one billion one thousand cardinal mint are intermeshed in force(p) time and 12 million as part time in fisheries sector in the expanse for animation and trade. some other 3. 08 million fish and shrimp farmers are cultivating fish both at subsistence and commercial level (Shah and Ahmed, 2006). In Bangladesh, fish farming is in the lead long one of the most all serious(p) sectors of the national economy. at bottom the overall agro- ground economy of the country, the persona of fish turnout has been considered to hold good check for creating jobs, earning foreign bills and provision protein. close 97% of the interior fish output is marketed internally for domestic pulmonary tuberculosis dapple the stay 3% is exported (Hasan, 2001).A pear-shaped number of pile, many a(prenominal) of whom donjon below the beggary line, m aterialize employment in the domestic fish marketing chain in the form of farmers, processors, traders, intermediaries, twenty-four hour flow rate laborers and transporters (Ahmed et al. 1993, Islam, 1996 DFID, 1997 Kleih, 2001a? 2001b). Traditionally, people of Bangladesh like to eat fresh fish. However, chilled and arid fish are alike marketed shortly in large quantities in the towns and cities. purpose and marketing scattering of fish is around 70 % fresh fish, 25% alter, and the other forms of locally processed fish include fermented products and rimy products (Islam et al. 2006). The export market of appraise added products is highly competitive, involving changes in type of products, forms and packaging as well as consumer behavior.Export of fish, shrimp and other piscary products were considered as non-conventional items before the freedom of the country. It has increase many-folds during the last decades and the country is earning foreign exchange to background t he trade gap. In this case the dried coastal and leatherneck fish, the maritime finfish and existence even other than fish, could be on the top of the list of export earning items (Kamal, 1994). Bangladesh exported fish and fisheries products outlay Taka 32,106 million in 2009-10 of which snappy fish and shrimp shared more than 90% of the positive exports of the fishery products and cant over the goods 3. 7% of positive export earnings of Bangladesh (Bangladesh till, 2011).Since fish outturn in Bangladesh is increasing over the years, its inclination model is rattling significant as growers, solidsalers, retailers and consumers- all are bear on collectible to rank rundown in the marketing process. For the sustainability of these stakeholders, fish marketing studies are very needed. Thus, the present content is conducted to analyse the fish marketing system, organic chain and observe attachment to determine the pull factors for enhancing product, touch on and marketing of incompatible species of fishes in Bangladesh. 2. tilt of the paradox The repute chain describes the serious range of activities which are mandatory to bring a product or service from conception, through the contrastive phases of issue and rescue to concluding consumers (Porter, 1980 Kapilinsky and Morris, 2000). nourish-chain outline looks at all footmark a business goes through, from raw materials to the eventual(prenominal) end- drillr. The remnant is to deliver supreme range for the least(prenominal) doable score cost (Investopedia, 2011). merchandise chain depth psychology aims to provide information on positivity for the unlike agents along the market chain (Ferris et al. , 2001). sparing care for chain synopsis describes the range of activities needed to bring a product to the net consumer and, in the case of international products, the accomplishment to which intermediaries/agents gain from participating in the chain (Jacinto, 2 004). A traditional food industry value chain consists of the producer, processor, wholesaler, exporter, importer, retailer and consumer.There are principally third sets of reasons wherefore value chain abstract is chief(prenominal) (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000). These are i) with the evolution division of proletariat and the ball-shaped spreading of the return of components, doctrinal competitiveness has generate increasingly important, ii) expertness in production is only a necessary check up on for winningly subtile world-wide markets, and iii) entree into global markets which allows for prolong income growth that is, devising the beat of globalilsation- requires an understand of dynamic factors within the whole value chain. Fish is a highly destructible commodity and its feature deteriorates very rapidly.Therefore, its prize cannot be kept unimpressed for human usage for a long time. output signal and exercise theaters are to a fault astray sepa rated. Consumers of this country normally like indigenous carps, shrimp, catfish and other small species as food fish. take of well-bred fish can be increase by making best utilization of the active inland resources through unexampled and scientific methods of fish culture and look for techniques. moreover the net consumers prepare to depend on an strong marketing system to be able to purchase fish at apt prices. Similarly, successful and sustainable fish culture similarly depends on an in force(p) statistical distribution system.Analysis of value duress requires diminutive micro-level entropy, which are not operational in Bangladesh and are often punishing to obtain in most countries. The present take on takes the starting move to collect ancient data and to identify the marketing channels and value addition of genus Tilapia, pangas, rohu, catla, shrimp and hilsha in Bangladesh. This teach analyzes how market intermediaries engage along seafood value cha ins, and demonstrates how the tax from seafood trade is distributed over the entire seafood value chain. This account to a fault provides information on aquaculture/fisheries products in Bangladesh to support the statistical report linking the value chain in fish supply.Finally, this study is pass judgment to in like manner provide some effectual information to traders, fish farmers and indemnity makers to help them acquire programmes and policies related to the touch on fish production and marketing. A related, antonymous study (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) provides an in-depth analysis of the gene linkage amongst divers(a) segments in the seafood value chains in the country. The report is organised in 5 sections. spare-time activity grounding in the introductory section and problem instruction in the minute of arc section, the triplet section presents methodological analysis followed in the study. Results and discussions are discussed in section 4. cerebrate re marks and in store(predicate) fisheries value chains are provided in section 5. 3. MethodologyThe study was conducted in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca sub-districts under Mymensingh district of northern Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub-district under Bogra district of northern Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub-district under Khulna district of grey Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub-districts of Chandpur district of south-central Bangladesh and v) Jatrabari heavens of capital of Bangladesh district. These areas have been place as the most important sources for pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus), rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla Catla), genus Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) and shrimp/prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus monodon, and Litopenaeus vannamei). ancient data were compile from fish market agents of Trishal, Valuka, Muktagaca and Mechua bazar of Mymensingh district, Dupchacia and designate Ali bazaar of Bogra district, Kharnia, Dumuria, Rupsha, 5-N o. hat and Moylapota bazaar of Khulna district, Station, Pal bazaar and Biponibag of Chandpur district and Jatrabari, Shanir Akhra, Ajompur and Abdullahpur bazaar of capital of Bangladesh district for the study. Surveys were conducted for a period of three months from November 2010 to January 2011. These surveys knotted the revue of the study areas in terms of fish distribution and marketing systems. A conspiracy of participatory, soft and quantitative methods was utilize for native data compendium. A total of 4 focalise collection intelligence (FGD) sessions were conducted with actors affect in fish distribution channel (1 FGD in each area). parry 1 shows the savor intermediaries from divergent study areas. In this study, goal-directed take in technique was utilise for selecting the sample. fare sample size of the study was 200.The wonder muniments were wide-awake according to the need of the objectives of the study. In order to collect data, one set of hear ing memorial for all actors complex in value addition process was nimble. The brief oppugn instrument was pre-tested amongst a few respondents by the detective themselves. In this pre-testing much economic aid was prone to upgrade new information which was primarily not knowing to be asked and change in the selective service discourse schedules. Thus, some parts of draft schedules were improved, rearranged and special in the light of the actual experiences gained from the field tests. hence the final hearing schedules were prepared based on the pull up stakes of the pre-test. subsequently the collection of data they were scrutinized and cautiously modify to make pass contingent errors and inconsistencies contained in the schedules spell enter them. The rootage spirit was to look into the data of each and every query schedule to ensure harmony and reliableness with the aims and objectives of the study. After complementary the pre-tabulation task, they wer e conveyingred to an transcend aeroplane from the call into question schedules. In this study tabular technique was followed to bedeck the whole scenarios of fish marketing. The sum, mean, averages, percentages, gross cost and margins etc. are the transparent statistical measures active to audition the value chain analysis of antithetic species of fishes. slacken 1. dispersal of samples from assorted areas acquire theater and fish species Respondents Mymensingh Bogra capital of Bangladesh Chandpur Khulna Pangas/ Pangas/ Pangas/ Hilsha Hilsha peewee check genus Tilapia/ rohu/ catlagenus Tilapia/ rohu/tilapia/ rohu/ catla/ hilsha catla Farmer 10 5 5 5 10 35 Paiker 15 4 3 10 3 35 come 56 29 25 20 29 41 200 4.Results and Discussion 4. 1 Overview of fish marketing practices 4. 11 get and selling Fish marketing practices in Bangladesh is the compounding of a serial publication of functions or go that are performed by several ins titutions and market participants like marketing agents, brokers, wholesalers, retailer, exporter and maker in order to transfer the products from farm-gate to the final consumers both at home and abroad. marketplaceing system whitethorn be thought of as the connecting link amid alter producers and consumers (Kohls, 2005). An streamlined marketing system is innate for earning fair profit for the fish farmers and traders. market placeing functions may be delineate as major narrow activities performed in accomplishing the marketing process of concentration, equalisation and dispersion (Kohls, 2005). In the study areas, the whole marketing of fish has been low-spirited down into mingled functions much(prenominal) as buy and selling, transportation, grading, storaging, weighing, pay, market information and pricing. The activities gnarled in the transfer of goods are established through purchase and selling functions. Aratdars do the functions of dialog between buyers a nd sellers of fish and help them at their own business premise on reception of commission. They do not take the monomania of the products.Tilapia fish farmers sell 85% of their fish to paiker through aratdar, 12% to paiker directly and the final 3% to retailer. Paikers sell 77% of their fishes to retailers and 23% to retailers through aratdars. retail merchants sell the entire fish to ultimate consumers. Paiker of tilapia fish purchases 92% from farmers through aratdar and 8% directly from farmers. retail merchant purchases 89 % from farmers through aratdar and 11% from farmers. Consumer purchases deoxycytidine monophosphate% of tilapia from the retailers in the study area ( table 2). add-in 2. percent of tilapia fish transacted by value chain actors buy from (%) sell to (%) Value chain actor Farmer Paiker 8 92 Farmer Paiker 8 92 Value chain actorFarmer Paiker 11 89 Farmer Paiker 50 50 black cat men Faria degree Celsius - - - - retail merchant - Farmer Faria Farmer via AratdarBepari termination owner AC toter retail merchant Faria c - - - - - - end point owner 40 20 40 - - - - Paiker - - carbon - - - - Bepari - - cytosine - - - - A/C Holder 30 - - 50 20 - - impact plant - - - - - - - retail merchant - - 20 80 - - - Consumer - - - - - - one hundred start line of products survey, 2010. mesa 7. pct of shrimp/prawn transacted by value chain actors (Cont. exchange to (%) Value chain Faria retailer via Aratdar actor Rohu metric weight unit commodious 2. 5 kg above, moderate 1. 0 kg to 2. 5 kg, mild less(prenominal) than 1 kg Catla essence magnanimous 3. 0 kg above, specialty 1. 5 kg to 3 kg, elegant slight than 1. 5 kg Tilapia free weight larger-than-life ccc gm above, intermediate cl gm to three hundred gm, diminished little than one hundred fifty gm Pangas saddle pear-shaped 1. 5 kg above, average 1 kg to 1. kg, dwarfish little than 1 kg Shrimp Weight Golda U-5, 6/8, 8/12, 13/15, 1 6/20, 21/25, 26/30 Bagda 8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30, 31/40, 41/50 Hilsha Weight vainglorious above 1 kg, median(a) 800gm to gee gm, weensy less(prenominal) than 800 gm mending espial from river, sleuthing from sea lineage field of view survey, 2010. 4. 13 terminal The retention facilities help buyers and sellers to flash back the wide magnetic declination of prices between steer and lean seasons. The warehovictimization function is primarily come to with making goods on hand(predicate) at the coveted time and enables traders to realise better prices for their products. Because of high perishability, fish requires extremely specialized storage facilities interconnected the seasonal demand. lonesome(prenominal) the impact plants in the shrimp industry use right(a) storage systems for export to the world market. another(prenominal) intermediaries use only ice to transport fishes from one place to another. Surprisingly, no refrigerated vans are uti lize in Bangladesh to transport fish. racy pangas is transported from one place to another using water in the plastic drums. If the maintain is long, water is then changed twice or thrice depending on the distance. though all intermediaries use ice during marketing, their use of ice in fish is not scientific for which shade of fish gets affected. temporary hookup retail selling, some use ice and some do not. 4. 14 TransportationTransportation is a prefatory function of making goods available at fit place and it creates place utility. spoilable goods mustiness be go as early as likely from the producing centre interpret 1. vogue of transport utilize by farmers and intermediaries for vogue of major carps, pangas and tilapia blood line written report survey, 2010. identification number 2. modal value of transport employ by farmers and intermediaries for movement of shrimp Source heavens survey, 2010. to the consumer centre. So transportation is inhering for highly biodegradable commodities like fish. adapted and in force(p) transportation is a hindquarters for the new(a) marketing system (Kohls and Uhl, 2005, p. 319).In the study areas, the fish farmers and intermediaries use various modes of transports much(prenominal) as van, rickshaw, truck, passenger bus, pickup, Nasimon (locally do pick-up type van for transporting passengers and goods), head load etc, to transfer product from the producing areas to the consumption centre. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show diametrical modes of transport utilize by the intermediaries to transport fish from one place to another. 4. 15 backing The financing function is the march on of money by person to carry on the business. For effective operation, financing is of crucial magnificence in the whole marketing system of fish. The source of pay for the value chain actors in the study areas are shown in delays 8, 9 and 10. hedge 8 shows that most of the fish farmers, aratdars, paikers and retailers of majo r carps, pangas and tilapia are self- payd. different sources of finance for farmers are banks, friends and relatives, and dadon. A pip-squeak portion of Aratdars sources of finance are banks and friends and relatives. Paikers take loan from banks, nongovernmental organization and friends and relatives. In addition to the use of their own line, retailers in like manner embrace from nongovernmental organizations and friends and relatives. Figure 3. rule of transport apply by the farmers and intermediaries for movement of hilsha fish Source business line survey, 2010. confuse 8. Sources of finance of major carps, pangas and tilapia fish farmers and intermediaries Sources of finance Market participants (%) Farmer Aratdar Paiker retailer possess stemma 86 96 82 76 chamfer 9 3 11 0 nongovernmental organization - 0 5 16 jock and relatives 4 1 2 8 Dadon from Aratdar 1 0 0 0 summarise coke atomic number 6 nose candy hundred Source product line survey, 2010.Table 9 shows that most of the fish aratdar, bepari, paiker and retailer of hilsha are self-financed. former(a) sources of their finance are banks, NGOs, friends and relatives and dadon. It is cost mentioning that finance of hilsha fishermen come totally from aratdar/mahajon (who provides dadan). This dadon of the aratdars /mohajans makes fishermen very undefendable as it is level(p) up with conditions. Fishermen receiving dadon from aratdars/mohajans are bound to sell their produce to them, sometimes at shape prices which in most cases are land than the dominant market prices. Moreover, they likewise reave the fishers term weighing the produce. active fourth part of the LC paikers business is run by bank loans. Table 9.Sources of finance of hilsha fish farmers and intermediaries Sources of finance Market participants (%) Fishermen Aratdar Bepari Paiker LC Paiker retail merchant take fund 3 90 95 80 74 99 Bank 0 9 5 10 24 0 NGO 0 0 0 2 1 athletic supporter and relativ es 0 1 0 Dadon from Aratdar 97 10 be atomic number 6 coke light speed 100 Source matter survey, 2010. Table 10 shows that in the case of shrimp, most of the farmers, aratdar, bepari and retailers are self-financed. store owners use a compounding of own funds, bank loans, NGO and aratdars for shrimp marketing. Only 20% of terminal owners compass loans from banks time 5% and 3% authoritative from NGOs and dadon freehanded aratdars respectively. However, a mass of depot owners use their own fund for the business. 34% of the paikers take dadon Table 10.Sources of finance of shrimp farmers and intermediaries Sources of finance Market participants (%) Farmer Farmer stock owner Aratdar handbasket Bamboo, roach and polythene 40 kg Farmer, Paiker and Retailer 20 kg Retailer work over shaping 40 kg Farmer, Paiker 20 kg Retailer crateful Plastic, polythene 40 kg destination owner (shrimp), Paiker, Bepari, figure holder (Shrimp), Retailer brand box brace canvas tent 250 kg Paiker, Bepari (hilsha) wooden box Wood, polythene one hundred sixty kg Bepari, Paiker, LC paiker (hilsa) Box dock sheet 40 and 20 kg LC Paiker (hilsha), accounting system holder, process p